Advance survey and modelling technologies for the study of the slope stability in an Alpine basin

Alpine basins are typically characterised by an amphitheatre shape with steep rocky walls on the upper, a deposition zone of glacial debris in the middle and a channel in the lower part. All different parts are in constant evolution, and different kinds of instability phenomena can be identified: rock fall at the top rocky walls, rotational sliding of the deposit and debris flow in the channel down the valley. The different kinds of instability are somehow connected among them since the rock fall can power the rock debris that can trigger a debris flow. All different phenomena are chained in a global basin evolution also connected with seasonal climate variation that can induce different water presence and different water phase (liquid/solid). Moreover, instability phenomena seam to increase in frequencies and magnitudes in the latest decades possibly connected to climate change. This paper reports a study of the stability condition of an Alpine basin in North-West Italy by applying advance survey and modelling techniques: aerial photogrammetric survey of the rock wall, limit equilibrium methods that take ice presence into account and finally numerical analysis of the debris evolution along the slope. Parametric analyses aimed to quantify the influence of the different most important aspects have also been carried on. The application of advanced tools helped to better understand the study area failure and evolution mechanisms and to identify the main points to investigate in detail

Rock mass characterization by UAV and close-range photogrammetry: A multiscale approach applied along the vallone dell’elva road (Italy)

Geostructural rock mass surveys and the collection of data related to discontinues provide the basis for the characterization of rock masses and the study of their stability conditions. This paper describes a multiscale approach that was carried out using both non-contact techniques and traditional support techniques to survey certain geometrical features of discontinuities, such as their orientation, spacing, and useful persistence. This information is useful in identifying the possible kinematics and stability conditions. These techniques are extremely useful in the case study of the Elva valley road (Northern Italy), in which instability phenomena are spread across 9 km in an overhanging rocky mass. A multiscale approach was applied, obtaining digital surface models (DSMs) at three different scales: large-scale DSM of the entire road, a medium-scale DSM to assess portions of the slope, and a small-scale DSM to assess single discontinuities. The georeferenced point cloud and consequent DSMs of the slopes were obtained using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and terrestrial photogrammetric technique, allowing topographic and rapid traditional geostructural surveys. This technique allowed us to take measurements along the entire road, obtaining geometrical data for the discontinuities that are statistically representative of the rock mass and useful in defining the possible kinematic mechanisms and volumes of potentially detachable blocks. The main purpose of this study was to analyse how the geostructural features of a rock mass can affect the stability slope conditions at different scales in order to identify road sectors susceptible to different potential failure mechanisms using only kinematic analysis

Simulation of temperature and chemical weathering effect on marble rocks

Physical and mechanical properties of building stones can vary due to different degradation mechanisms caused by temperature and chemical agents. The problem of chemical and thermal weathering on marble rocks is an important issue to consider for designing building façades since it may cause sugaring, bowing, cracking and spalling. Moreover, an accurate comprehension of induced damages is required for restoration and conservation of heritage monument purposes. While thermal weathering has been widely studied in the last years, the combined effect of thermal and chemical weathering (that here is intended as the combined action of rainwater and atmospheric pollutants) is still poorly understood. In this study, no- destructive (ultrasonic pulse velocities) and destructive tests (bending tests) were performed on Carrara marble slabs in natural and after thermal (with target temperatures respectively of 50 and 90°C) and thermo-chemical treatment. Thermo-chemical treatments were performed by soaking the specimens in a 5x10-6 mol/l solution of sulphuric acid at pH=5 to simulate the acid rain behavior, at constant target temperatures, for one week. In general, for each weathering mechanism, progressive degradation of the physical and mechanical properties of marble specimens was observed. In particular, a marked drop in flexural strength, mirrored by a wide variation in P- and S-wave velocity, was found in specimens chemically treated at target temperature equal to 90 °C

Geostructural and geomechanical study of the piastrone quarry (Seravezza, Italy) supported by photogrammetry to assess failure mode

The use of non-contact-techniques for rock mass characterization has been growing significantly over the last decade. However, their application to stability assessment of ornamental stone has not yet received much attention from researchers. This study utilizes rock mass data both in terms of slope orientations and degree of fracturing obtained from a point cloud, a set of three-dimensional (3D) points representing a rock mass surface, to (1) investigate the influence of geostructures at different scales and (2) assess quarry stability by determining areas susceptible to different failure types. Multi-resolution point clouds are obtained through several photogrammetric survey techniques to identify important structural elements of the site. By integrating orientation data of discontinuity planes, obtained with a traditional survey, and of traces, outlined on point clouds, several joint sets were identified. Kinematic tests revealed various potential failure modes of the rock slope. Moreover, an analysis of the influence of the discontinuity strength determined by the presence of rock bridges was carried out. The study revealed that the strength of the quarry face is governed by the presence of rock bridges that act to improve the stability condition of the rock fronts

Genetic studies of the Macushi and Wapishana Indians

Blood samples from 509 Macushi (3 villages) and 623 Wapishana (11 villages) of Northern Brasil and Southern Guyana have been analyzed with respect to the phenotype and gene frequencies at the following 12 polymorphic loci: AB0, Kell-Cellano, MNSs, Rh, P, Duffy, Kidd, Diego, Lewis, Group-specific component, and the immunoglobulin allotypes of the Gm and Inv systems. The data suggest that 5–6% of the Wapishana gene pool is derived from non-Indians but only 1–2% of the Macushi. Inter- and intratribal genetic distances between villages are calculated for these data in an effort to understand gene flow between the tribes and to account for the unusual distribution of a newly-discovered genetic polymorphism of erythrocyte esterase A thus far limited to these 2 tribes (Neel et al., 1977). The data are puzzling and consistent with the possibility that both the Craib-speaking Macushi and the Arawak-speaking Wapishana have derived the esterase A allele in question from some third group now extinct or thus far undiscovered. Intertribal genetic distances based on gene frequencies at 6 loci are derived for 20 Amerindian tribes (including these 2); the “central” position of these 2 tribes can in part be explained by the active migration matrix connecting them.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47606/1/439_2004_Article_BF00393584.pd