641 research outputs found
Bell measurements as a witness of a dualism in entanglement
We show how a property of dualism, which can exist in the entanglement of
identical particles, can be tested in the usual photonic Bell measurement
apparatus with minor modifications. Two different sets of coincidence
measurements on the same experimental setup consisting of a Hong-Ou-Mandel
interferometer demonstrate how the same two-photon state can emerge
entanglement in the polarization or the momentum degree of freedom depending on
the dynamical variables used for labeling the particles. Our experiment
demonstrates how the same source can be used as both a polarization entangled
state, as well as a dichotomic momentum entangled state shared between distant
users Alice and Bob in accordance to which sets of detectors they access. When
the particles become distinguishable by letting the information about one of
the variables to be imprinted in yet another (possibly inaccessible) system or
degree of freedom, the feature of dualism is expected to vanish. We verify this
feature by polarization decoherence (polarization information in environment)
or arrival time difference, which both respectively destroy one of the dual
forms of entanglement.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Generation of different Bell states within the SPDC phase-matching bandwidth
We study the frequency-angular lineshape for a phase-matched nonlinear
process producing entangled states and show that there is a continuous variety
of maximally-entangled states generated for different mismatch values within
the natural bandwidth. Detailed considerations are made for two specific
methods of polarization entanglement preparation, based on type-II spontaneous
parametric down-conversion (SPDC) and on SPDC in two subsequent type-I crystals
producing orthogonally polarized photon pairs. It turns out that different Bell
states are produced at the center of the SPDC line and on its slopes,
corresponding to about half-maximum intensity level. These Bell states can be
filtered out by either frequency selection or angular selection, or both. Our
theoretical calculations are confirmed by a series of experiments, performed
for the two above-mentioned schemes of producing polarization-entangled photon
pairs and with two kinds of measurements: frequency-selective and
angular-selective.Comment: submitted for publicatio
Investigation of new methods for numerical stochastic perturbation theory in Ï4 theory
Numerical stochastic perturbation theory is a powerful tool for estimating
high-order perturbative expansions in lattice field theory. The standard
algorithms based on the Langevin equation, however, suffer from several
limitations which in practice restrict the potential of this technique. In this
work we investigate some alternative methods which could in principle improve
on the standard approach. In particular, we present a study of the recently
proposed Instantaneous Stochastic Perturbation Theory, as well as a formulation
of numerical stochastic perturbation theory based on Generalized Hybrid
Molecular Dynamics algorithms. The viability of these methods is investigated
in theory.Comment: 45 pages, 12 figures. Added new section on cost comparison with
Langevin NSPT. Matches published versio
Measuring the photon distribution by ON/OFF photodectors
Reconstruction of photon statistics of optical states provide fundamental
information on the nature of any optical field and find various relevant
applications. Nevertheless, no detector that can reliably discriminate the
number of incident photons is available. On the other hand the alternative of
reconstructing density matrix by quantum tomography leads to various technical
difficulties that are particular severe in the pulsed regime (where mode
matching between signal an local oscillator is very challenging). Even if
on/off detectors, as usual avalanche PhotoDiodes operating in Geiger mode, seem
useless as photocounters, recently it was shown how reconstruction of photon
statistics is possible by considering a variable quantum efficiency. Here we
present experimental reconstructions of photon number distributions of both
continuous-wave and pulsed light beams in a scheme based on on/off avalanche
photodetection assisted by maximum-likelihood estimation. Reconstructions of
the distribution for both semiclassical and quantum states of light (as single
photon, coherent, pseudothermal and multithermal states) are reported for
single-mode as well as for multimode beams. The stability and good accuracy
obtained in the reconstruction of these states clearly demonstrate the
interesting potentialities of this simple technique.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures, to appear on Laser Physic
Constrained MaxLik reconstruction of multimode photon distributions
We address the reconstruction of the full photon distribution of multimode
fields generated by seeded parametric down-conversion (PDC). Our scheme is
based on on/off avalanche photodetection assisted by maximum-likelihood
(MaxLik) estimation and does not involve photon counting. We present a novel
constrained MaxLik method that incorporates the request of finite energy to
improve the rate of convergence and, in turn, the overall accuracy of the
reconstruction
Nonequilibrium dynamics of photoexcited electrons in graphene: Collinear scattering, Auger processes, and the impact of screening
We present a combined analytical and numerical study of the early stages
(sub-100fs) of the non-equilibrium dynamics of photo-excited electrons in
graphene. We employ the semiclassical Boltzmann equation with a collision
integral that includes contributions from electron-electron (e-e) and
electron-optical phonon interactions. Taking advantage of circular symmetry and
employing the massless Dirac Fermion (MDF) Hamiltonian, we are able to perform
an essentially analytical study of the e-e contribution to the collision
integral. This allows us to take particular care of subtle collinear scattering
processes - processes in which incoming and outgoing momenta of the scattering
particles lie on the same line - including carrier multiplication (CM) and
Auger recombination (AR). These processes have a vanishing phase space for two
dimensional MDF bare bands. However, we argue that electron-lifetime effects,
seen in experiments based on angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, provide
a natural pathway to regularize this pathology, yielding a finite contribution
due to CM and AR to the Coulomb collision integral. Finally, we discuss in
detail the role of physics beyond the Fermi golden rule by including screening
in the matrix element of the Coulomb interaction at the level of the Random
Phase Approximation (RPA), focusing in particular on the consequences of
various approximations including static RPA screening, which maximizes the
impact of CM and AR processes, and dynamical RPA screening, which completely
suppresses them
Review of recent experimental progresses in Foundations of Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Information obtained in Parametric Down Conversion Experiments at IENGF
We review some recent experimental progresses concerning Foundations of
Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Information obtained in Quantum Optics Laboratory
"Carlo Novero" at IENGF.
More in details, after a short presentation of our polarization entangled
photons source (based on precise superposition of two Type I PDC emission) and
of the results obtained with it, we describe an innovative double slit
experiment where two degenerate photons produced by PDC are sent each to a
specific slit. Beyond representing an interesting example of relation between
visibility of interference and "welcher weg" knowledge, this configuration has
been suggested for testing de Broglie-Bohm theory against Standard Quantum
Mechanics. Our results perfectly fit SQM results, but disagree with dBB
predictions.
Then, we discuss a recent experiment addressed to clarify the issue of which
wave-particle observables are really to be considered when discussing wave
particle duality. This experiments realises the Agarwal et al. theoretical
proposal, overcoming limitations of a former experiment.
Finally, we hint to the realization of a high-intensity
high-spectral-selected PDC source to be used for quantum information studies
Conditioned Unitary Transformation on biphotons
A conditioned unitary transformation ( polarization rotation) is
performed at single-photon level. The transformation is realized by rotating
polarization for one of the photons of a polarization-entangled biphoton state
(signal photon) by means of a Pockel's cell triggered by the detection of the
other (idler) photon after polarization selection. As a result, polarization
degree for the signal beam changes from zero to the value given by the idler
detector quantum efficiency. This result is relevant to practical realization
of various quantum information schemes and can be used for developing a new
method of absolute quantum efficiency calibration
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