Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Avian Influenza Vaccines in Native Chicken Using Two by Two Contingency Table

. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination program analysis method using the 2 x 2 contingency table to provide better assessment to the vaccination program management and implementation. This study used survey methods. A total of 230 serum samples from vaccinated chickens and 20 serum samples from unvaccinated chickens were used. The blood serum samples were then examined with the Hemagglutination Inhibition Test/HI to measure antibody levels. The data were analyzed using a 2 x 2 contingency table. Results showed that the level of vaccine protection was 68.92% with 31.31% vaccines failure rate, the level of natural protective immunity in samples was 0%, 100% vaccines specificity and the effectiveness of the vaccine was 71.20%

The Administration of Garlic Extract on Eimeria stiedai Oocysts and the Hematological Profile of the Coccidia Infected Rabbits

This research aimed to examine the potential of garlic as the coccidiosis control in rabbits either in vitro or in vivo. During in vitro, observed variables were rabbits oocysts that were sporulated, unsporulated, and abnormal in incubation for 3 days with the addition of garlic extract. The treatments were doses of garlic extract administration (0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, and 8%) and sulfaquinoxalline as a standard anticoccidiosis. Meanwhile during in vivo, the variables observed were the hematological profile of the experimental rabbits naturally infected with coccidia. The doses of garlic extract was administered orally to the experimental rabbits infected with coccidia were 0 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, and 80 mg/rabbit.  As a standard coccidiosis drugs, the combination of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim was used.  The treatments were given for 6 days. The variables observed were the hematological profile of the coccidiosis rabbits, including the erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrits, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and thrombocytes. The research employed a completely randomized design, with 5 repetitions. The data were further analyzed using the honestly significant difference test. The results showed that garlic extract administration significantly decreased (P<0.01) both the number of the sporulated and unsporulated oocysts (P<0.05), yet did not significantly influence the abnormal oocysts, but there was no significant difference within the entire hematological variables except in thrombocytes (P<0.05). Garlic extract administration decreased the excretion number of oocysts in the feces either in vitro or in vivo and influenced some hematological variables which provided a new propect for controlling coccidiosis naturally in rabbits

The Efficacies of Banana Stem Extract as a Candidate of Coccidiostat Against Rabbit Eimeria Stiedaio Ocysts: an in Vitro Analysis

The objective of this research was to investigatethe ability of banana stem (Musa paradisiaca) to inhibitsporulation of Eimeria stiedaioocystsderived fromrabbit by in vitroanalysis.Analyze the active substance proximate analysis and active substancesin this research were performed too. Banana stem extract were used in this experiment andsulfaquinoxalline(Coxy ®)was run as acontrol. The Eimeria stiedaioocystswere incubated prior the presence of different concentration from banana stem extract 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%for 1, 2 and 3 daysat 26°C. In addition,Factorial patterned Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five replicates wasapplied on the experiment. Result analysis was performed by using Analysis of Variance and following by Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) post hoc test. Here, we identified that banana stem extract contain different type of active substance such as tannin, saponin, and alkaloid. Banana stem extract significantly affected the oocysts sporulation included the amount of sporulatedoocysts (P<0.01), unsporulatedoocysts (P<0.01), and transformed oocysts (P<0.01). In conclusion banana stem could inhibit the development of Eimeria stiedaioocysts on in vitroexperiment. HSD test showed that the optimum potential efficacy of banana stem toinhibit sporulation was at 4% and 8% concentration during three days incubation

Body Weight, Oocyte Elimination and Blood Profile of Rabbit After Challenge Test Using Eimeria Stiedai

The objective of the research was to investigate body weight, oocyte elimination and blood profile of rabbits infected with various doses of Eimeria stiedai isolates. The observed rabbits' blood profile included erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leucocyte, thrombocyte, total protein plasma (TPP) and fibrinogen. Twenty-five male New Zealand White rabbits aged 3 months and weighed approximately 2 kg were provided with pellet and boiled drinking water and Eimeria stiedai isolates. The experiment used Completely Randomized Design to analyze 5 treatments with five replicates. The examined variables included D0: Infection 0 (control of infection without challenge test), D1: Infection 101 with challenge test 103, D2: infection 102 with challenge test 103, D3: infection 103 with challenge test 103, D4: infection 0 with challenge test 103 (control of infection). Data were subject to analysis of variance followed by Honestly Significant Difference Test (HSD). Analysis of Variance result showed that there was no significant difference on body weight, oocyte elimination and blood profile including erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leucocyte, thrombocyte, and fibrinogen. However, total protein plasma (TTP) was significantly different at 5% HSD. It can be concluded that challenge test with Eimeria stiedai has not been used as an alternative in increasing rabbits' body immune against coccidiosis infection

Effectiveness of Temulawak (Curcuma xanthoriza) and Kunyit (Curcumae domestica) Extracts to Enhance Productivity and as Immunostimulator of Avian Influenza in Broiler

The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effectiveness of treating broiler with temulawak (Curcuma xanthoriza) and kunyit (Curcumae domestica) extracts to enhance productivity and as imunostimulator of avian influenza. Broilers were given either temulawak, kunyit or temulawak+kunyit extracts. The treatments, including a control, were arranged in a factorial design. Variables measured were production index and immune titter with haemaglutination inhibition (HI) test at 35 days of age. Results showed that control, temulawak-, kunyit- and temulawak+kunyit-treated chicken have production indexes of 302.80, 382.30, 327.71, and 358.30, respectively. HI test results were all negative. It can be concluded that neither temulawak, kunyit nor temulawak+kunyit extracts is effective imunostimulator of avian influenza in broiler. Nevertheless, temulawak-treated chicken showed highest production index. (Animal Production 9(2): 178-183 (2007) Key Words: Avian influenza, haemaglutination inhibition, temulawak, kunyi

In Vitro and in vivo Test of Exctract of Morinda citrifolia and Allium sativum on Subclinical Mastistis Cows

Two subsequent experiments were conducted in the current study. Experiment I (in vitro), milk obtained from sub-clinical mastitis dairy cows were used to identify the content of bacteria types causing mastitis. It was identified that the milk contained Staphylococcus sp (76.92%), Streptococcus sp (15.38%) and E. coli (7.69%). In order to determine the optimum combination of Morinda citrifolia (M) and Allium sativum (A) for reducing the number of the identified bacteria. The milk were randomly assigned to one of four treatments with six replicates in each treatment (Completely Randomized Designed). There were four treatments, which were four kinds of Morinda citrifolia (M) to Allium sativum (A) ratio, i.e. T1 (80:20); T2 (60:40); T3 (40:60); and T4 (20:40). Collected data were analysed using analysis of variance. When analysis of variance indicated significant effects, Least significant different (LSD) was then employed.  It is indicated that T1 was the most optimum treatment to reduce bacteria counts. Experiment II (in vivo), the purpose of the experiment was to detemine the optimum dose of T1 to cure sub-clinical mastitis dairy cows and to investigate the effects of different doses of T1 on milk quality.  A total of 20 sub-clinical mastitis dairy cows were randomly treated with one of five treatments for 3 days, which were C (received penicillin), P1 (received T1:100 ml/d); P2 (received T1:200 ml/d); P3 (received T1:300 ml/d) and P4 (received T1:400 ml/d). Analysis for variance was applied followed by dunnet’s test. Milk production and somatic cell counts were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the treatments, but they significantly (P<0.005) influenced milk dry matter content. Dairy cows treated with P4 produced milk with the highest dry matter content (11.92 ± 1.90%). In conclusion, The mixtures of  Morinda citrifolia and Allium sativum can cure mastitis and improve milk dry matter content. (Animal Production 7(2): 101-105 (2005)   Key Words: Mastitis, Dairy cattle, Allium sativum, Morinda citrifolia, Quality of mil

Evaluation of Inhibition Steroid Effect by Diazinon Pollutions on Ovarium and Cortex Adrenal Glands of the Animal Model

A study was conducted to influence of the diazinon pollutions effect to histopathologic change examination of ovarium and cortex adrenal glands the rat (Rattus norvegicus) caused of steroid inhibition metabolism. The treatment consisted of four level doses of diazinon as follows 0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm for 40 days, in drinking water. The microscopic examination result showed that vacuolar degeneration change in surrounding corpus atreticum and hemorrhagic lesion on interstitial cell of ovarian, in starting dose 50 ppm and then, the swollen cells and congestive lesion of cortex adrenal glands, in starting dose 100 ppm. (Animal Production 4(2): 101-111 (2002) Key words : Diazinon, Steroid, Cortex Adrenal Gland

Evaluation of Inhibition Steroid Effect by Diazinon Pollutions on Ovarium and Cortex Adrenal Glands of the Animal Model

A study was conducted to influence of the diazinon pollutions effect to histopathologic change examination of ovarium and cortex adrenal glands the rat (Rattus norvegicus) caused of steroid inhibition metabolism. The treatment consisted of four level doses of diazinon as follows 0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm for 40 days, in drinking water. The microscopic examination result showed that vacuolar degeneration change in surrounding corpus atreticum and hemorrhagic lesion on interstitial cell of ovarian, in starting dose 50 ppm and then, the swollen cells and congestive lesion of cortex adrenal glands, in starting dose 100 ppm. (Animal Production 4(2): 101-111 (2002)   Key words : Diazinon, Steroid, Cortex Adrenal Gland