Runtuhnya Hegemoni Negara Dalam Menentukan Kurikulum Pesantren

This article explains how the state commits a hegemony against pesantren (Islamic boarding school) and how pesantren performs a counter-hegemony. The writer uses the concept of Hegemony purposed by Gramsci. State hegemony against pesantren has started since the collonialism of the East Indies through the penetration of modernization discourse issued to the pesantren circle. The hegemony continued in the era of new order (orde baru) by publishing an integrated-letter of akcnowledgment (SKB) released by three ministries in 1975. It claimed that pesantren and madrasah became the part of national education. As a result, the compostion of Madrasah instructional material must be 60% for general science and the rest was for religious science. Yet, when the state hegemony comes to the peak point pesantren undergoes a counter-hegemony. Pesantren still maintains its distinct educational system independently; the educational system includes the curriculum as well as the instructional process. This firm act results a state acceptance. Since 1998 the government has released a letter of acknwoledment of degree equating. This model of pesantren known as pesantren mu'adalah (equation). The graduation certificate of pesantren could be used for any purposes, as the certificate of MA and SMA do.. Kata-kata kuncihegemoni, hegemoni tandingan, negara, kurikulum, pesantren, mu'adala

ISLAM MADURA (Resistensi Dan Adaptasi Tokoh Adat Atas Penetrasi Kyai Di Madura)

Islam is a universal religion. The basic value of Islam implies a dialectical relationship of Islam and local culture. Various study on Islam and local culture view traditional Islam, which is represented by the NU, as a single entity. The traditional Islam opposed to official Islam, and on the other hand it is confronted with syncretic Islam. In Madura, NU is not a single entity. There are variation in it, namely a community of traditional- acculturative Islam led by kyais and a community of traditional- syncretic Islam led by adat leaders. The latter community practices a ritual which is the ancestral tradition, namely the ritual of beberten. This ritual, according to the kyais, is seen as a syncretic ritual. Therefore, kyais penetrate to the adat community through bahs al-masa\u27il ad-diniyah and socialize it. Responding to such penetration, the adat community, culturally, applies resistance and adaptation strategies. Resistance is applied by revitalizing ritual of beberten, while adaptation is applied by negating certain ritual elements, changing the meaning of ritual, and adding certain rituals

“Bernegosiasi” Dengan Tuhan Melalui Ritual Dhâmmong (Studi Atas Tradisi Dhâmmong Sebagai Ritual Permohonan Hujan Di Madura)

Setiap studi tentang Islam secara keseluruhan lambat-laun akan berjumpa dengan kebudayaan-kebudayaan lokal yang membangun pola hubungan koeksistensi. Melalui ritual dhâmmong, masyarakat Madura secara kreatif mampu mengintegrasikan secara seimbang antara tuntutan tradisi universal-Islam dan tradisi lokal-Madura. Dalam kaitan ini, tradisi Madura, sebagai tradisi kecil (little tradition), ditarik ke dalam tradisi Islam, sebagai tradisi besar (great tradition), dengan cara memberi penjelasan mistik-teologis yang sesuai. Melalui dhâmmong, pelaku ritual itu selalu diingatkan berkenaan dengan eksistensi dan hubungan dengan lingkungan ekologinya. Mereka juga bukan hanya diingatkan tetapi juga dibiasakan untuk menggunakan simbol-simbol yang bersifat abstrak-Islami yang berada pada tingkat pemikiran dan kesadaran untuk berbagai kegiatan nyata yang dalam lingkungan ekologisnya

Enhancement of the folate content in Egyptian pita bread

Introduction: Egypt has a high incidence of neural tube defects related to folate deficiency. One major food source for folate is pita (baladi) bread, which is consumed daily. Bioprocessing (e.g. germination) has been reported to increase the folate content in cereals. The aim was to produce pita bread with increased folate content using germinated wheat flour (GWF).Methods: Prior to milling the effects of germination and drying conditions on folate content in wheat grains were studied. Pita bread was baked from wheat flour substituted with different levels of GWF. The folate content in dough and bread and rheological properties of dough were determined.Results: Germination of wheat grains resulted in, depending on temperature, 3- to 4-fold higher folate content with a maximum of 61 µg/100 g DM (dry matter). The folate content in both flour and bread increased 1.5 to 4-fold depending on the level of flour replacement with GWF. Pita bread baked with 50% sieved GWF was acceptable with respect to colour and layer separation, and had a folate content of 50 µg/100 g DM compared with 30 µg/100 g DM in conventional pita bread (0% GWF).Conclusion: Using 50% GWF, pita bread with increased folate content, acceptable for the Egyptian consumer, was produced. Consumption of this bread would increase the average daily folate intake by 75 µg

On Love-type waves in a finitely deformed magnetoelastic layered half-space

In this paper, the propagation of Love-type waves in a homogeneously and finitely deformed layered half-space of an incompressible non-conducting magnetoelastic material in the presence of an initial uniform magnetic field is analyzed. The equations and boundary conditions governing linearized incremental motions superimposed on an underlying deformation and magnetic field for a magnetoelastic material are summarized and then specialized to a form appropriate for the study of Love-type waves in a layered half-space. The wave propagation problem is then analyzed for different directions of the initial magnetic field for two different magnetoelastic energy functions, which are generalizations of the standard neo-Hookean and Mooney–Rivlin elasticity models. The resulting wave speed characteristics in general depend significantly on the initial magnetic field as well as on the initial finite deformation, and the results are illustrated graphically for different combinations of these parameters. In the absence of a layer, shear horizontal surface waves do not exist in a purely elastic material, but the presence of a magnetic field normal to the sagittal plane makes such waves possible, these being analogous to Bleustein–Gulyaev waves in piezoelectric materials. Such waves are discussed briefly at the end of the paper

Pengaruh Percampuran Air Terhadap Oksigen Terlarut Di Sekitar Karamba Jaring Apung, Waduk Cirata, Purwakarta, Jawa Barat

Penelitian dilakukan di sekitar keramba apung Waduk Cirata (KJA), Purwakarta, Jawa Barat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui fluktuasi ketersediaan oksigen terlarut dalam perairan, melalui percampuran massa air yang diambil dari beberapa kedalaman. Konsentrasi DO di lokasi KJA di Waduk Cirata menurun seiring bertambahnya kedalaman dengan kisaran rata-rata adalah 0,3 - 0,5 mg/l (lapisan dasar) hingga 8,0 - 8,4 mg/l (permukaan). Distribusi vertikal oksigen terlarut menggambarkan tipe perairan clinograde. Kedalaman zona eufotik mencapai 3,81 m. Terdapat variasi ketersediaan oksigen terlarut dari pencampuran massa air meromictic dan holomictic. Pada perlakuan 1 (meromictic hingga 12 m) nilai rata-rata DO yaitu 7,00 - 7,41 mg/l. Perlakuan 2 (meromictic hingga 24 m) nilai rata-rata DO 5,28 - 5,48 mg/l. Perlakuan 3 (holomictic hingga 42 m) memiliki nilai rata-rata DO sebesar 2,44 - 2,84 mg/l. Jika terjadi percampuran meromictic hingga kedalaman 12 m dan 24 m maka kegiatan budidaya ikan masih dianggap layak, karena nilai DO >5 mg/l. Akan tetapi, pencampuran holomictic mengakibatkan DO melewati ambang batas, sehingga tidak dapat menopang budidaya perikana

Analisis Sensitivitas Lingkungan Oscp (Oil Spill Contingency Plan) Di Pesisir Selatan Delta Mahakam, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur

The research was one part of oil spill contingency plan (OSCP) developed for Delta Mahakam area, where oil & gas exploration and exploitation linked with rich biodiversity supporting coastal community livelihood. Environmental sensitivity analysis for OSCP only do two early stages of OSCP scope, which integrated with the dangers of coastal vulnerability. This analysis mapped environmental component from oil pollution become sensitivity rangking as an effort to support response development strategies and priorities for the coastal resources protection. The aims of this research were (1) to establish environment sensitivity rank and (2) to identify primary factor supporting the environmental sensitivity for OSCP in south Delta Mahakam area. The result of analysis showed environmenal sensitivity was 62.37% (517.52 km), its mean very high sensitivity. Then the high sensitivity criteria was 11.31% (94 km). The criteria of medium sensitivity was 11.92% (99 km). While for low sensitivity and very low sensitivity respectively were 1.78% (15 km) and 12.64% (105 km). Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 36.01% variability was explained by axis of factor 1. The others variability 18.53% and 13.93% were explained by axis of the factor 2 and factor 3. Axis of factor 1 for coastal exposure (EK), oil residence index (OR), coastal type (TP), and biological resources (SH) had a quite large linear combinations coefficient, amounted to 0.94 (EK&OR), 0.83 (TP) and 0.75 (SH). This indicated a very high contribution for environmental sensitivity OSCP level drafting. On axis of factor 2, the linear coeffisien combinations for the resource utilization of port (PL) was 0.83 and settlement (PM) was 0.85. Axis of factor 3 contributed 0.75 and 0.66 on migas platform (PO) and placement of passive fishing gear/catchment area (AT). However, the utilization of coastal resources for PL, PM, PO and AT were on axis of factor 2 and factor 3 had a considerable distance with its SI variable. This possible caused by each variable percentage distribution which the value was very minor ranged 0.001-0.52%, so its not representated coastal resources elements closeness with SI variable in the study area

Pemanfaatan Pati Biji Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr.) Dan Pati Sagu (Metroxylon SP.) Dalam Pembuatan Bioplastik

Bioplastik adalah plastik yang dapat didegradasi oleh mikroba yang ada di dalam tanah karena adanya kandungan pati di dalamnya. Bioplastik diharapkan merupakan salah satu solusi dari masalah lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh penumpukan sampah kantong plastik belanja yang menjadi beban lingkungan. Secara komersial sudah ada bioplastik yang diproduksi dengan variasi jumlah penambahan pati singkong atau pati jagung, namun kendalanya adalah harga produk masih mahal jika dibandingkan dengan harga kantong plastik konvensional pada umumnya, karena tepung dan pati tersebut masih dibutuhkan di sektor pangan dan energi. Pada penelitian ini bioplastik dibuat dengan menggunakan pati yang diekstraksi dari biji durian yang selama ini merupakan limbah, untuk dicampur dengan biji plastik LDPE pada variasi konsentrasi pati 0% sampai 50%. Sebagai pembanding dipakai pati dari empulur sagu, sehingga karakteristik fisik seperti warna dan sifat mekanik dari bioplastik seperti kekuatan tarik, perpanjangan putus, dan kekerasan dapat dibandingkan. Uji penurunan berat bioplastik dilakukan dengan pemendaman di dalam tanah selama 8 minggu. Hasil uji Anova menunjukkan perlakuan jenis pati dan konsentrasi pati yang ditambahkan tidak beda nyata (p>0,05) terhadap kehilangan berat plastik. Analisis SEM dilakukan untuk membandingkan rongga diantara molekul pati dengan polimer plastik pada perbesaran 2500x yang menyebabkan kekuatan mekanik plastik menjadi berkurang dan rapuh ketika ditarik. Pati biji durian 10% terbukti optimal dapat digunakan sebagai substitusi polimer tanpa penambahan aditif dalam pembuatan bioplastik, dengan karakteristik mekanik yang dapat dibandingkan dengan pati sagu dan pati singkong, namun memiliki laju degradasi yang lebih rendah

Preparation of Some Eco-friendly Corrosion Inhibitors Having Antibacterial Activity from Sea Food Waste

Chitosan is one of the important biopolymers and it is extracted from exoskeletons of crustaceans in sea food waste. It is a suitable eco-friendly carbon steel corrosion inhibitor in acid media; the deacetylation degree of prepared chitosan is more than 85.16 %, and the molecular weight average is 109 kDa. Chitosan was modified to 2-N,N-diethylbenzene ammonium chloride N-oxoethyl chitosan (compound I), and 12-ammonium chloride N-oxododecan chitosan (compound II) as soluble water derivatives. The corrosion inhibition efficiency for carbon steel of compound (I) in 1 M HCl at varying temperature is higher than for chitosan and compound (II). However, the antibacterial activity of chitosan for Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans is higher than for its derivatives, and the minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bacterial concentration of chitosan and its derivatives were carried out with the same strain