The European states system and Ottoman-Russian relations, 1815- 1856

This thesis looks at the way that the European states system operated and affected the Ottoman-Russian relations between 1815 and 1856. The 1815 Settlements established a new system of international relations in Europe. Russia played the greatest role in foiling the Napoleonic bid for hegemony. The most distinguishing characteristic of this new system was that its structure made cooperation effective within the framework of the institution of Concert of Europe. In this respect the four victorious great powers, i.e. Russia, England, Prussia and Austria, did not exclude the defeated power, France, and they took on the governance of international affairs. The new system was built on the political and territorial balance. To this end, the restriction of France and moderation of Russia was necessary. Both countries had some revisionist objectives. Consequently, Near East became the centre stage of the international politics after 1815. Ottoman Empire did not take part in the 1815 Settlements. Therefore, Ottoman-Russian relations were to continue on a bilateral base. Russia’s strategic goal to secure her south-east frontiers clashed with her responsibility for maintaining the provisions of 1815 Settlements in Central Europe since any change in Near East would affect the territorial and political balance in Central Europe, too. Under these circumstances, Russia faced a dilemma in her relations with the Ottoman Empire. Russia was very advantageous owing to her enormous power and her treaty rights regarding the Ottoman Empire which had acquired since 1774. Ottoman-Russian relations developed around three main events during 1815-1856: the revolt of Greeks (1821-29), the rebellion of Viceroy of Egypt (1833 and 1839) and the Holy Place Issue (1852-1854). In all those events Russia was successfully restrained against the Ottoman Empire by the structure of the new system. The thesis draws a number of conclusions. The underlying economic structure of the new state system almost remained the same during the 1815-1856 period. The thesis concludes that the course of Ottoman-Russian relations was increasingly determined by the elements of relationship structure. In particular, the foreign policy objectives of France played the significant role in shaping the Ottoman-Russian relations during 1815-1856

Coagulase gene polymorphism of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical and sub-clinical bovine mastitis in Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari provinces of Iran

Mastitis is a common disease in dairy cattle and is an inflammatory response of the breast tissue to bacterial attack to this tissue. Mastitis causes considerable loss to the dairy industry, among the several bacterial pathogens that can cause mastitis; Staphylococcus aureus is probably the most lethal agent because it causes chronic and deep infection in the mammary glands that is extremely difficult to cure. Several virulence factors including coagulase gene are produced by S. aureus and may contribute to its pathogenicity. This study was conducted to investigate the coagulase gene polymorphism of S. aureus isolated from clinical and sub-clinical bovine mastitis milk samples in Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari provinces of Iran. Amplification of the coagulase gene from 86 S. aureus strains isolates by specific primers showed 31 specimens contained 970 bp fragment, and 11 strains contained 730 bp fragment relevant to coa gene (coagulase) in PCR. After enzymatic digestion with AluI, 31 specimens contained three bands: 320, 490, and 160 bp (genotype I) and 11 specimens contained two bands: 490 and 240 bp (genotype VIII) in the RFLP

FEFI : finding education for female inmates

Within the framework of the multilateral EU-project "Finding Education for Female Inmates" (FEFI), ten partners from eight European countries cooperated on the subject of formal and informal education for adolescent and adult women in prison. Women in prison are a particularly underrepresented group due to their small number (3 to 7%) of the total prison population in all of the partners’ countries . The project aimed to improve and increase participation in lifelong learning by female prisoners who are an integral component of a vulnerable and disadvantaged group - a socially stigmatized group, as well as prisoners and as women.peer-reviewe

Best proximity point theorems for cyclic p-contractions with some consequences and applications

In this paper, we introduce the concept of cyclic p-contraction pair for single-valued mappings. Then we present some best proximity point results for such mappings defined on proximally complete pair of subsets of a metric space. Also, we provide some illustrative examples that compared our results with some earliest. Finally, by taking into account a fixed point consequence of our main result we give an existence and uniqueness result for a common solution of a system of second order boundary value problems. © 2021 Authors. Published by Vilnius University Press

Exposure to gamma rays induces early alterations in skin in rodents: Mechanical, biochemical and structural responses

PubMedID: 19012966In this study, the effect of gamma rays has been investigated on the normal rat skin using biomechanical, biochemical and histological techniques. Seventeen male Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups (control (n=7) and irradiated (n=10)). The irradiated group was treated with a 60Co gamma source at a dose of 10 Gy at room temperature. Skin biomechanics were measured with tensile test using biomaterial testing machine and maximum load, stiffness, energy absorption capacity, ultimate stress, ultimate strain and elastic modulus were calculated. In the irradiated group, energy, strain and toughness were significantly lower than in the control group (p<0.05). However, strength, displacement, stiffness, stress and elastic modulus were similar to that of the control group (p>0.05). Catalase (CAT) activities and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the skin of rats were measured using the biochemical methods. MDA levels significantly increased whereas CAT activities decreased in the irradiated group as compared with the control group (p<0.05). Diameters of collagen fibers were measured by transmission electron microscopy. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between control and irradiated groups for collagen fiber diameter. Thickness of epidermis was significantly lower than the control group. There were no changes in the epidermis between the irradiated group and the control group ultrastructurally. The results of this study show that the gamma irradiation has a significant effect on normal healthy skin. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Our study was financially supported by the Grant from Mersin University Medical Faculty.Our study was financially supported by the Grant from Mersin University Medical Faculty

Effect of combined oral contraceptive use on platelet volume in women at reproductive age

Investigation: Combined oral contraceptives use is associated with an increased risk of developing venous and arterial thromboembolic events. Platelet size, measured as mean platelet volume (MPV), is associated with platelet reactivity. Methods: Ninety-five women using oral contraceptives for contraception were investigated retrospectively. The patients' blood pressure, pulse and hematological values at application and at the sixth month were evaluated retrospectively. Results: There was no difference between the values of blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), pulse, hematological values (which contain leukocytes, platelets and mean platelet volume) at application and at the sixth month. Conclusion: We determined that using oral contraceptives for contraception did not change MPV values in young women

Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals with diagnoses of eating disorder in a university hospital in Istanbul

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports the first-ever description of a clinical eating disorder population from Turkey. The aim of this study was to examine the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals with diagnosis of eating disorders (IDED) referred to a university psychiatry clinic in Istanbul between 2003 and 2009. METHOD: The diagnoses and subtype of 111 IDEDs, the referral type to the hospital, setting of treatment, and state of involuntary hospitalization were evaluated by interview and semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The clinical sample included 64 individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), 38 with bulimia nervosa (BN), and 9 with eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), including only one male. Younger individuals and those with a lower BMI were significantly more likely to be family referred and hospitalized involuntarily. DISCUSSION: The overall socio-demographic features of the sample are generally consistent with data collected in other communities. However, aspects of the clinical features, referral types of eating disorders and subtypes exhibit some characteristics peculiar to our sample. (Eating Weight Disord. 16: e274-e279, 2011).(C)2011, Editrice Kurti