Perturbed nonlinear models from Noncommutativity

By means of the Ehrenfest's Theorem inside the context of a noncommutative Quantum Mechanics it is obtained the Newton's Second Law in noncommutative space. Considering discrete systems with infinite degrees of freedom whose dynamical evolutions are governed by the noncommutative Newton's Second Law we have constructed some alternative noncommutative generalizations of two-dimensional field theories.Comment: 6 pages. v2 minor changes added and references adde

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Entropy and holography in theories of gravitation.

Estudamos a entropia em várias situações na gravidade, verificando se seu comportamento é holográfico, obedecendo à lei de área de Bekenstein. Inicialmente, usando o método da \"parede de tijolos\", calculamos, em diversos casos, a entropia estatística de um campo escalar num fundo não trivial. Tal fundo é gerado por buracos negros de 4 ou 5 dimensões com cargas. A fórmula da entropia de Bekenstein é geralmente satisfeita, mas algumas correções são discutidas no caso pentadimensional. Este método é também aplicado para soluções tipo buracos negros na gravidade de Lovelock. Resulta que o método de \"parede de tijolos\", apesar de correto para a teoria de Einstein-Hilbert, pode não ser válido em geral, o que também acontece com a lei área. Algumas propriedades concernentes à teoria de cordas, especialmente a tecnologia das D-branas, são revistas naqueles aspectos necessários para este trabalho. Também estudamos e calculamos o limite superior da entropia para a gravidade de Lovelock. Finalmente, verificamos a validade do princípio holográfico num universo de (4 + n) dimensões numa fase inflacionária assimétrica.We study the entropy for various situations in gravity, checking whether its behavior is holographic, obeying Bekensteins area law. First, using the brick wall method, we compute the statistical entropy of a scalar field in a nontrivial background in different cases. Such a background is generated by four and five dimensional black holes with charges. The Bekenstein entropy formula is generally obeyed, but corrections are discussed in the latter case. This method is applied also to the black hole solutions of the Lovelock gravity. It turns out that the brickwall method, through correct for the Einstein-Hilbert theory, may fail in general. The same happens to the area law. Some properties concerning string theory, especially the D-branes technology, are reviewed while necessary to this work. Furthermore, we study and compute the upper limit of the entropy for the Lovelock gravity. Finally, we check the validity of the holographic principle in a (4+n) dimensional universe in an asymmetric inflationary phase

Entropy and holography in theories of gravitation.

Estudamos a entropia em várias situações na gravidade, verificando se seu comportamento é holográfico, obedecendo à lei de área de Bekenstein. Inicialmente, usando o método da \"parede de tijolos\", calculamos, em diversos casos, a entropia estatística de um campo escalar num fundo não trivial. Tal fundo é gerado por buracos negros de 4 ou 5 dimensões com cargas. A fórmula da entropia de Bekenstein é geralmente satisfeita, mas algumas correções são discutidas no caso pentadimensional. Este método é também aplicado para soluções tipo buracos negros na gravidade de Lovelock. Resulta que o método de \"parede de tijolos\", apesar de correto para a teoria de Einstein-Hilbert, pode não ser válido em geral, o que também acontece com a lei área. Algumas propriedades concernentes à teoria de cordas, especialmente a tecnologia das D-branas, são revistas naqueles aspectos necessários para este trabalho. Também estudamos e calculamos o limite superior da entropia para a gravidade de Lovelock. Finalmente, verificamos a validade do princípio holográfico num universo de (4 + n) dimensões numa fase inflacionária assimétrica.We study the entropy for various situations in gravity, checking whether its behavior is holographic, obeying Bekensteins area law. First, using the brick wall method, we compute the statistical entropy of a scalar field in a nontrivial background in different cases. Such a background is generated by four and five dimensional black holes with charges. The Bekenstein entropy formula is generally obeyed, but corrections are discussed in the latter case. This method is applied also to the black hole solutions of the Lovelock gravity. It turns out that the brickwall method, through correct for the Einstein-Hilbert theory, may fail in general. The same happens to the area law. Some properties concerning string theory, especially the D-branes technology, are reviewed while necessary to this work. Furthermore, we study and compute the upper limit of the entropy for the Lovelock gravity. Finally, we check the validity of the holographic principle in a (4+n) dimensional universe in an asymmetric inflationary phase