Determinantes socioeconómicos del crimen en México

In this paper, we review the literature on social and economic determinants of crime. We analyze the behavior that crimes in Mexico over the last 15 years dividing those who threaten national security (federal crimes) and those against property and integrity of people (ordinary crimes) and highlight the behavior before and after the so-called "war against drugs" launched by the federal government in 2007. Finally tried two simple econometric models to determine if income levels; the level of unemployment and the probability of success of offenders are determinants of both types of crimes in Mexico. We found that unemployment and the probability of success may explain the increase in property crimes (common crimes), but not federal crimes

La delincuencia y su efecto sobre el crecimiento económico. El caso de México

In this paper, we made a brief review of the theory that analyzes the interaction between crime and economic growth, then we present two indices of insecurity for Mexico using the principal component factor analysis. An index called national public insecurity which refers to federal crimes (drug trafficking, conspiracy, etc.) And a second index, the index of private insecurity, based on common law crimes (offenses against property of the people, etc..). We describe the behavior of both indexes for the 32 states for the years 1997, 2005 and 2008. Additionally, we show an economic growth model, which incorporates the model of Barro (1990), which includes government spending financed by taxes. In the second part of this section we built two econometric models to analyze the effect that crime rates over investment and income

La delincuencia y su efecto sobre el crecimiento económico. El caso de México

In this paper, we made a brief review of the theory that analyzes the interaction between crime and economic growth, then we present two indices of insecurity for Mexico using the principal component factor analysis. An index called national public insecurity which refers to federal crimes (drug trafficking, conspiracy, etc.) And a second index, the index of private insecurity, based on common law crimes (offenses against property of the people, etc..). We describe the behavior of both indexes for the 32 states for the years 1997, 2005 and 2008. Additionally, we show an economic growth model, which incorporates the model of Barro (1990), which includes government spending financed by taxes. In the second part of this section we built two econometric models to analyze the effect that crime rates over investment and income

Concerning domestic violence against women, is there a threshold for empowerment? The cases of tho areas in Mexico

A rural town (Morelos) and another urban (Cancun) in the state of Quintana Roo, México, have been analyzed, and paradoxically we discovered that women suffer higher degrees of violence by their partners in the environment with a higher level of female empowerment, measured through different indicators. We came to the conclusion that, in underdeveloped societies, there must be a “threshold” from which female empowerment implies a decrease in domestic violence. However, as long as this threshold is not reached, women will pay a price in terms of male violence against them, in the process of gaining more participation in society

Causas sociales y económicas de los delitos en México

This paper analyzes the social  and economic causes of the increase in crime in Mexico, such as unemployment and inequality, but considering the probability that criminals will not be apprehended and punished, depending on whether it is the crime of common law or federal jurisdiction. The analysis is carried out using a cross-section regression model for the 32 states of Mexico. We find, as in other studies, a positive and significant relationship between crime and the variables of unemployment and inequality. We also find that, if the criminals of the common law consider that the probability that they will not be apprehended increases, they also increase the incentives for them to continue committing crimes.Este trabajo analiza las causas sociales y económicas del aumento del crimen en México, como el desempleo y la desigualdad, pero considerando la probabilidad de que los delincuentes no sean detenidos ni castigados, según sea un delito del fuero común o de jurisdicción federal. El análisis se lleva a cabo utilizando un modelo de regresión de corte transversal para los 32 estados de México. Encontramos, como en otros estudios, una relación positiva y significativa entre el crimen y las variables de desempleo y desigualdad. También encontramos que, si los delincuentes de la ley común consideran que aumenta la probabilidad de que no sean aprehendidos, también aumentan los incentivos para que continúen cometiendo delitos

Concerning domestic violence against women, is there a threshold for empowerment? The cases of tho areas in Mexico

A rural town (Morelos) and another urban (Cancun) in the state of Quintana Roo, México, have been analyzed, and paradoxically we discovered that women suffer higher degrees of violence by their partners in the environment with a higher level of female empowerment, measured through different indicators. We came to the conclusion that, in underdeveloped societies, there must be a “threshold” from which female empowerment implies a decrease in domestic violence. However, as long as this threshold is not reached, women will pay a price in terms of male violence against them, in the process of gaining more participation in society

The Mayan sacred beverages: balché and saká

Los mayas han vivido desde siempre en un mundo sacralizado, opuesto al mundo profano. Los mayas buscan lo subjetivo, el misterio de las cosas, lo que no se ve pero que es lo real, es lo simbólico. Todas sus relaciones con la naturaleza, trabajo, sexualidad tienen un sentido sagrado, incluso el hecho de alimentarse no es una cuestión puramente orgánica o "natural" sino sacra. Así, existían entre ellos alimentos y bebidas que son objetos simbólicos, sobre todo los relacionados con sus ceremonias. El balché, "vino sagrado" producto de la corteza de un árbol, y el saká, "pozol sagrado"; árbol y maíz, plantas sagradas, significan vida y fertilidad, eran y son utilizadas aún hoy en día en las ceremonias como ofrendas para pedir ayuda y dar gracias al Dios Chaak por la lluvia en la milpa y la protección de los animales.The Mayan have always lived in a sacred world, opposed to the profane world. The Mayan seek the subjective, the mystery of things, what cannot be seen but what is the real and the symbolic thing. All their relations with nature, work or sexuality, have a sacred meaning, even the fact to be fed is not a purely organic question or natural, but rather sacred. Therefore, among them existed food and beverages that were symbolic objects, especially the ones related to their ceremonies. Balché (sacred wine) was the product of the bark of a tree, and saká (sacred pozol); tree and corn, sacred plants, signified life and fertility, they were and still are used today in the ceremonies as offerings to ask for aid and to give thanks to God Chaak for rain in the field and for protection from animals.Grupo de Investigación Antropología y Filosofía (SEJ-126). Universidad de Granad

Inseguridad y turismo en Quintana Roo, México (1997-2013)

The objective in this article is to determine whether tourism in Quintana Roo is being affected by the increasing number of crimes and, if true, then be able to prove this fact by means of an econometrical model. For this purpose, the variables of federal jurisdiction are retaken as deemed to be those having a stronger impact on the perception of insecurity and hotel occupancy. Through the model results it is possible to observe that the relation between federal jurisdiction crimes and tourism is inverse; i.e., that when there is an increase in crimes, a decrease occurs in the number of tourists. However, the impact of criminality works according to perception and, therefore, we decided that this effect can be achieved by delaying the explanatory variable; for this reason, it fell behind for a period, this meaning that what relates to traveler insecurity and/or fear appears with one year lag. Therefore it is concluded that wherever federal jurisdiction's crimes increase in the State of Quintana Roo, hotel density for the following year decreases in the entity; in absolute terms, this means fewer tourists spending the night in the hotel infrastructure of the State.O objetivo é determinar se o turismo em Quintana Roo é afetado pelo aumento dos crimes, e demonstrá-lo por meio de um modelo do econométrico. Para isso as variáveis dos crimes da lei federal são retomadas, por considerar que são aqueles que batem mais na percepção da insegurança, e a ocupação hoteleira. Nos resultados do modelo observa-se que a relação entre os crimes da lei federal e o turismo é inversa, ou seja, quando os crimes aumentam, o número dos turistas diminui; não obstante, o efeito da delinquência é baseado na percepção, e, portanto, nós resolvemos que este efeito pode se conseguir deixando atrás a variável explicativa, razão porque foi retardado para um período, ou seja, a insegurança ou o medo aparece com atraso de um ano. Por isso, concluise que ao aumentar os crimes da lei federal no Estado de Quintana Roo, diminui, para o seguinte ano, a densidade hoteleira na entidade; em termos absolutos, são menos turistas pernoitando na infraestrutura do hotel do Estado.El objetivo es determinar si el turismo en Quintana Roo se ve afectado por el incremento de los delitos, y demostrarlo mediante un modelo econométrico. Para este se retoman las variables de los delitos del fuero federal, por considerar que son los que más impactan en la percepción de inseguridad, y la ocupación hotelera. En los resultados del modelo se observa que la relación entre los delitos del fuero federal y el turismo es inversa, es decir, cuando se incrementan los delitos, el número de turistas disminuye; sin embargo, el efecto de la delincuencia está en función de la percepción, y, por lo tanto, resolvimos que este efecto puede lograrse rezagando la variable explicativa, por lo que se retardó a un periodo, es decir, la inseguridad o el temor se presenta con rezago de un año. Por esto, se concluye que al aumentar los delitos del fuero federal en el Estado de Quintana Roo, disminuye, para el siguiente año, la densidad hotelera en la entidad; en términos absolutos, son menos turistas pernoctando en la infraestructura hotelera del Estado

La pobreza de los internos de la cárcel de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México/The poverty of the inmates at the jail in Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico

Prisons have always been populated by the poor, or those who were not successful in the labor market, the problem now is that those poor prisoners are also attacked by the organized crime groups that control Mexican prisons. The prison of Chetumal is a prison where you can look the poverty of the inmates, is one of the worst evaluated by the National Commission on Human Rights. When we know closely the stories of prisoners, we can understand how is constructed the criminal behavior and reflect on how the prison serves to reproduce violence and poverty under the gaze of power