Caracterización morfológica en genotipos nativos de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) de clima tropical en Nayarit, México

Nayarit is part of the natural distribution are of avocado (Persea americana Mill.), so it has a great diversity of native types. The characterization and evaluation of these plant genetic resources for determining its potential as a source of germplasm utility. The aim of this study was to characterize morphologically 24 genotypes of native avocado of tropical climate in Nayarit, Mexico. Of each genotype, 10 leaves and 10 fruits at physiological maturity were taken, 23 qualitative and quantitative descriptors of leaves, fruits and seeds phenotypic characteristics were recorded; also evaluating the oil content in the pulp of fruits. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used. The highest variability was found in the percentage of oil with a coefficient of variation of 22.6%, with 22.4% weight epicarp, thick epicarp with 20.2%, 20.4% weight of pulp and seed weight with 23.3%. The first three principal components explained 53.8% of the total variability. At a euclidean distance of 0.11 in the dendrogram, three groups with similar morphological characteristics were generated. Fruit weight, weight of pulp, fruit diameter, weight of the epicarp, seed weight and length of leaf blade were the characters that explained better the proportion variability. These morphological features could be used as selection criteria and differentiation of genotypes of native of tropical avocado in Nayarit, Mexico.Nayarit es parte del área de distribución natural del aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) por lo que cuenta con gran diversidad de tipos nativos. La caracterización y evaluación de estos recursos fitogenéticos permiten determinar su utilidad potencial como fuente de germoplasma. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar morfológicamente 24 genotipos de aguacate nativo de clima tropical en Nayarit, México. De cada genotipo se tomaron 10 hojas y 10 frutos en madurez fisiológica, se registraron 23 descriptores de características fenotípicas cualitativas y cuantitativas de hojas, frutos y semillas; además, se evaluó el contenido de aceite en la pulpa de frutos. Se evaluaron características fenotípicas cualitativas y cuantitativas de hojas, frutos y semillas; además, se evaluó el contenido de aceite en la pulpa de frutos. Se usaron análisis de componentes principales y de conglomerados. La mayor variabilidad se encontró en el porcentaje de aceite con un coeficiente de variación de 22.6%, peso del epicarpio con 22.4%, grosor de epicarpio con 20.2%, peso de pulpa con 20.4% y peso de semilla con 23.3%. Los tres primeros componentes principales explicaron el 53.8% de la variabilidad total. A una distancia euclidiana de 0.11 en el dendograma, se generaron tres grupos con características morfológicas similares. El peso del fruto, peso de pulpa, diámetro de fruto, peso del epicarpio, peso de semilla y longitud de lámina foliar fueron los caracteres que explicaron en mayor proporción la variabilidad. Estas características morfológicas podrían usarse como criterio de selección y diferenciación de genotipos de aguacate nativo en la zona tropical de Nayarit, México

Diversidad morfologica de especies cultivadas de calabaza (Cucurbita spp.) en el estado de Nayarit

The information on identification and morphological diversity of pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) is important for its use, development and conservation of this species. The objective of this work was to study the morphological diversity of pumpkin grown in Nayarit. The characterization work was conducted in the spring-summer cycle of 2012, under rainfed conditions in the villages of Xalisco and Mexpan, State of Nayarit. 33 accessions of four species were described with 43 morphological descriptors. Statistical support realized on the principal component analysis and clusters were made by the method of Ward. The first three principal components explained 53.3% of the total variability; in the dendogram six groups with similar morphological characteristics were formed with euclidean distance of 0.06. The characteristics that contributed more to explaining the diversity found and allowed to distinguish between species were: C. moschata, contrasting to other species regarding leaf size, thickness and number of seeds, weight and width of fruit, C. argyrosperma in features and dimensions of the stem, width, length and weight of 100 seeds, C. ficifolia in colour of the fruit pulp and C. pepo in weight and dimensions of fruit and seed with lower values to that expressed by other species. With this study it was possible to establish the diversity of species that are grown in the State of Nayarit.La información sobre identificación y diversidad morfológica de calabaza (Cucurbita spp.) es importante para su utilización, mejoramiento y conservación de esta especie. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la diversidad morfológica de especies de calabaza cultivadas en Nayarit. El trabajo de caracterización fue realizado en el ciclo primavera verano del 2012, bajo condiciones de temporal, en las localidades de Xalisco y Mexpan del estado de Nayarit. Se utilizaron 33 accesiones de cuatro especies las que fueron descritas con 43 descriptores morfológicos. El soporte estadístico comprendió análisis de componentes principales y de agrupamiento por el método de Ward. Los tres primeros componentes principales explicaron 53.3% de la variabilidad total; en el dendograma se formaron seis grupos con características morfológicas similares con distancia euclidiana de 0.06. Las características que contribuyeron en mayor medida a la explicación de la diversidad encontrada y que permitieron hacer distinciones entre especies fueron para: C. moschata, fue contrastante al resto de especies en tamaño de hoja, grosor y número de semillas, peso y ancho de fruto, C. argyrosperma en características y dimensiones del pedúnculo, ancho, longitud y peso de 100 semillas, C. ficifolia en color de la pulpa del fruto y C. pepo en peso y dimensiones del fruto y semilla con menores valores al expresado por las demás especies. Con este estudio se logró establecer la diversidad existente de las especies que se cultivan en el estado de Nayarit

Evaluación de calidad en frutos de 41 genotipos de nanche (Byrsonima crassifolia L. HBK) de Nayarit, México

Nanche is a harvest fruit whose fruits are prized for their bittersweet. The objective was to evaluate the quality of fruits of 41 nanche genotypes (Byrsonima crassifolia L. HBK) from the warm climate of Nayarit, Mexico. The quality variables analyzed in the fruit were: color, fresh weight (PFF), length (LF), diameter (DF), total soluble solids (°Brix), titratable acidity (percentage of citric acid) and pH of fruit. Furthermore, the dry weight of the seed (PSS) was determined. Multivariate statistical analysis of main components for data processing was used. Three principal components (CP's) explained 80.61% of total variance (VT). CP1 contributed with 38.58 of VT, where morphological variables of importance were: weight, diameter, length and size of the fruit while in CP2 represented 24.78% of VT, where chemical characteristics were relevant: percentage of citric acid pulp (AC) and pH of fruit juice. In CP3 were important total soluble solids (°Brix), and °Brix/pH ratio of the pulp that contributed with 17.25% of total variance. The °Brix/AC ratio, plus weight, size and yellowing of skin of the fruit were quality parameters that could be used as genetic qualities to select nanche genotypesEl nanche es un frutal de recolección cuyos frutos son apreciados por su sabor agridulce. El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad en frutos de 41 genotipos de nanche (Byrsonima crassifolia L. HBK) procedentes de la zona de clima cálido de Nayarit, México. Las variables de la calidad analizadas en los frutos: color, peso fresco (PFF), longitud (LF), diámetro (DF), sólidos solubles totales (°Brix), acidez titulable (porcentaje de ácido cítrico), pH de frutos. Además, se determinó el peso seco de la semilla (PSS). Se usó análisis estadístico multivariado de componentes principales para el procesamiento de datos. Tres componentes principales (CP�s) explicaron 80.61% de la varianza total (VT). El CP1 contribuyó con 38.58 de la VT en donde resultaron de importancia las variables morfológicas: peso, diámetro, longitud y tamaño de fruto mientras que el CP2 representó 24.78% de la VT, donde resultaron relevantes las características químicas: porcentaje de ácido cítrico de la pulpa (AC) y pH del jugo del fruto. En el CP3 resultaron importantes los sólidos solubles totales (°Brix), y la relación °Brix/pH de la pulpa que contribuyeron con 17.25% de la varianza total. La relación °Brix/AC, más el peso, tamaño y color amarillo de la epidermis del fruto fueron los parámetros de calidad que podrían usarse como cualidades genéticas para seleccionar genotipos de nanch

Características fenotípicas de hoja y fruto en selecciones de aguacate criollo de clima subtropical en el estado de Nayarit

Avocado is native to Mexico and Central America. Globally, Mexico is the main producer and consumer with about 35% of world production, with an annual production of 1, 124,565 tonnes / year (SAGARPA, 2008). In addition, in this country, it is a crop of socio-economic and nutrimental importance. The fruit has a high lipid content, the edible part is rich in saturated fatty acids such as oleic, palmitic, linoleic (Lu et al., 2009). In the state of Nayarit, 2,700 ha of avocado are cultivated, predominating the 'Hass', with an average yield of 9.9 tonnes / ha (SIAP, 2009). The largest surface area is located in the municipalities of Tepic (1,136 ha) and Xalisco (956 ha). The presence of genetic variability is found in trees growing on mountain slopes and in home trastopes, which provides the opportunity to select genotypes that could behave better than other plant materials currently used as rootstocks (Medina Et al., 2011). Creole avocado materials are very important in breeding programs because they seek, in addition to improving productivity and adaptation, to incorporate high nutritional quality and resistance to pathogens, because of the above, it is considered that it is urgent to rescue the different Existing avocado plant genetic resources, as they can be lost by the rapid devastation of forests and jungles (Westeboy, 1989).El aguacate es originario de México y Centroamérica. A nivel mundial México es el principal productor y consumidor con cerca del 35 % de la producción mundial, con una producción anual de 1, 124,565 ton /año (SAGARPA, 2008). Además, en este país, es un cultivo de importancia socio-económico y nutrimental. La fruta posee alto contenido de lípidos, la parte comestible es rica en ácidos grasos saturados como el oleico, palmítico, linoleico (Lu et al., 2009). En el estado de Nayarit se cultivan 2,700 ha de aguacate predominando el ‘Hass’, con un rendimiento promedio de 9.9 ton/ha (SIAP, 2009). La mayor superficie establecida se ubica en los municipios de Tepic (1,136 ha) y Xalisco (956 ha). La presencia de variabilidad genética se encuentra en los árboles que crecen en las faldas de las montañas y en los traspatios caseros, lo que brinda la oportunidad para seleccionar genotipos que podrían tener un comportamiento mejor que otros materiales vegetales que actualmente se usan como portainjertos (Medina et al., 2011). Los materiales criollos de aguacate son muy importantes en los programas de mejoramiento genético debido a que buscan, además de mejorar la productividad y adaptación, incorporar alta calidad nutrimental y resistencia a patógenos, por lo anterior, se considera que es urgente el rescate de los diferentes recursos fitogenéticos de aguacate existentes, ya que pueden perderse por la rápida devastación de los bosques y selvas (Westeboy, 1989)

Aptitud combinatoria de la actividad antioxidante de extractos de cálices de jamaica

Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces present a significant percentage of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity in its composition, and these appear to be associated with the prevention of diseases generated by oxidative stress and cardiovascular problems. These qualities may be increased through genetic improvement; the estimation of genetic parameters is useful in making decisions in an improvement program. The aim of this study was to determine the general combining ability (GCA), specific (SCA) and heterosis of the antioxidant activity of extracts from hibiscus calyces. China (1) Reina (2) and Huajicori Creole (3) varieties and three single crosses (2x1, 2x3 and 3x1) were used. Four measurement methods were used: total phenolic compounds (TPC), the antioxidant activity was determined by the methods: chelating activity (CA), DPPH • and ABTS • +. A completely randomized design was used with three repetitions and an average comparison test (Tukey, 0.05) was performed. The dialelic analysis showed statistical differences (p expressed negative values. In the average tests, China presented the highest values for TPC, DPPH• and ABTS•+ with 306.4 ± 34.1 (GAE mg L-1), 1,598.8 ± 88.8 (µmol ET L-1) and 269.6 ± 6.7 (AE/100 mL) respectively. Expressions of heterosis were not found. The samples did not show CA. For future genetic improvement studies, the use of selection methods is recommended.Los cálices de Hibiscus sabdariffa presentan en su composición un porcentaje importante de compuestos fenólicos con elevada capacidad antioxidante; estos, parecen estar asociados con la prevención de enfermedades generadas por estrés oxidativo y problemas cardiovasculares. Estas cualidades es posible incrementarlas por medio del mejoramiento genético; la estimación de parámetros genéticos son útiles en la toma de decisiones en un programa de mejoramiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la aptitud combinatoria general (ACG), especifica (ACE) y heterosis de la actividad antioxidante de extractos de cálices del hibisco. Se utilizaron las variedades China (1), Reina (2) y Criolla de Huajicori (3) y sus tres cruzas simples (2x1, 2x3 y 3x1). Se emplearon cuatro métodos de determinación: Compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT), la actividad antioxidante se determinó mediante los mé- todos: actividad quelante (AQ), DPPH• y ABTS•+. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones y se realizó prueba de comparación de medias (Tukey, 0.05). El análisis dialélico mostró diferencias estadísticas (p ) y el resto expresó valores negativos. En la prueba de medias China presentó los más altos valores para CFT, DPPH• y ABTS•+ con 306.4 ± 34.1 (EAL mg L-1), 1,598.8 ± 88.8 (µmol ET L-1) y 269.6 ± 6.7 (EA/100 mL) respectivamente. No hubo expresiones de heterosis. Las muestras no mostraron AQ. Para futuros trabajos de mejoramiento genético se recomienda el empleo de métodos de selección

Clínica Integrada - ME210 - 202101

Curso de especialidad, de la carrera de medicina, de carácter teórico- práctico del ciclo 7, en el que los estudiantes integran conocimientos previos con la anamnesis, el examen físico y establecen el diagnostico por síndromes o problemas y el plan de trabajo. El curso de Clínica integrada busca desarrollar las competencias generales de comunicación escrita y comunicación oral(nivel 2) y las competencias específicas de práctica clínica-diagnóstico (nivel 2) y profesionalismo-sentido ético y legal y responsabilidad profesional(nivel 2). La integración de conocimientos en la historia clínica, permitirá al estudiante, plantear un adecuado diagnóstico, plan de trabajo para la atención de su futuro paciente

Management of coronary disease in patients with advanced kidney disease

BACKGROUND Clinical trials that have assessed the effect of revascularization in patients with stable coronary disease have routinely excluded those with advanced chronic kidney disease. METHODS We randomly assigned 777 patients with advanced kidney disease and moderate or severe ischemia on stress testing to be treated with an initial invasive strategy consisting of coronary angiography and revascularization (if appropriate) added to medical therapy or an initial conservative strategy consisting of medical therapy alone and angiography reserved for those in whom medical therapy had failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. A key secondary outcome was a composite of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 2.2 years, a primary outcome event had occurred in 123 patients in the invasive-strategy group and in 129 patients in the conservative-strategy group (estimated 3-year event rate, 36.4% vs. 36.7%; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.29; P=0.95). Results for the key secondary outcome were similar (38.5% vs. 39.7%; hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.29). The invasive strategy was associated with a higher incidence of stroke than the conservative strategy (hazard ratio, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.52 to 9.32; P=0.004) and with a higher incidence of death or initiation of dialysis (hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.11; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease, advanced chronic kidney disease, and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction

Health status after invasive or conservative care in coronary and advanced kidney disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA-CKD trial, the primary analysis showed no significant difference in the risk of death or myocardial infarction with initial angiography and revascularization plus guideline-based medical therapy (invasive strategy) as compared with guideline-based medical therapy alone (conservative strategy) in participants with stable ischemic heart disease, moderate or severe ischemia, and advanced chronic kidney disease (an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <30 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 or receipt of dialysis). A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status. METHODS We assessed health status with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) before randomization and at 1.5, 3, and 6 months and every 6 months thereafter. The primary outcome of this analysis was the SAQ Summary score (ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating less frequent angina and better function and quality of life). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate the treatment effect with the invasive strategy. RESULTS Health status was assessed in 705 of 777 participants. Nearly half the participants (49%) had had no angina during the month before randomization. At 3 months, the estimated mean difference between the invasive-strategy group and the conservative-strategy group in the SAQ Summary score was 2.1 points (95% credible interval, 120.4 to 4.6), a result that favored the invasive strategy. The mean difference in score at 3 months was largest among participants with daily or weekly angina at baseline (10.1 points; 95% credible interval, 0.0 to 19.9), smaller among those with monthly angina at baseline (2.2 points; 95% credible interval, 122.0 to 6.2), and nearly absent among those without angina at baseline (0.6 points; 95% credible interval, 121.9 to 3.3). By 6 months, the between-group difference in the overall trial population was attenuated (0.5 points; 95% credible interval, 122.2 to 3.4). CONCLUSIONS Participants with stable ischemic heart disease, moderate or severe ischemia, and advanced chronic kidney disease did not have substantial or sustained benefits with regard to angina-related health status with an initially invasive strategy as compared with a conservative strategy

Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease

BACKGROUND Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, 121.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 124.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used