Impacto de variáveis sociais na resolução de tarefas cognitivas : estudo no início e final do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Neste texto apresentamos os resultados de um grupo de 60 crianças repartidas pelo 1º e 4º ano de escolaridade, diferenciadas ainda por um meio sócio-económico baixo e rural (crianças de Paredes de Coura) e médio-elevado ou elevado e urbano (crianças a frequentar uma escola particular na cidade de Braga) em provas cognitivas. O estudo pretendeu verificar eventuais discrepâncias na percentagem de acertos e nas bonificações por resolução rápida de itens em alguns dos subtestes da WISC-III (Informação, Compreensão, Completamento de Gravuras, e Cubos) tomando os dois meios sócio-culturais de proveniência das crianças, assim como apreciar se tais discrepâncias diminuíam na passagem das crianças do 1º para o 4º ano de escolaridade (eventual efeito de homogeneização por parte da escola face a outras variáveis sociais de proveniência). Excepto três crianças do meio rural, todas as demais frequentaram o pré-escolar. Os resultados não sugerem uma diferenciação na generalidade dos itens tomando os ratios de acertos aos itens, muito embora essa diferenciação ocorre nas bonificações por execuções mais rápidas das crianças. Esta diferença é favorável às crianças do meio sócio-cultural mais favorecido, aumentando essa discrepância ao passarmos do 1º para o 4º ano de escolaridade. Esta discrepância ocorre com os resultados nos subtestes da WISC-III e nas Matrizes Coloridas Progressivas de Raven, sendo as médias superiores junto das crianças do meio sócio-cultural mais favorecido e, sobretudo, do 4º ano de escolaridade.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian (FCG

Digital monitoring of small-scale fisheries in Timor-Leste: An impact assessment

Digital tools and technologies are transforming the way we monitor and manage food systems and natural resources, but to date there is scant credible collection and analysis of evidence of their impacts on well-being, environmental sustainability, and broader goods and services. The development of information communication technology (ICT) has a crucial role to play in the timely provision of information to guide management and investment decisions by small-scale fisheries (SSF) stakeholders, from coastal fishers to government officials. The implementation of PeskAAS in Timor-Leste is one such attempt. We sought to co-design and roll out a system to collect and analyze fisheries data in near real-time with the aim to (1) strengthen sustainable fisheries resource management in Timor-Leste, (2) promote improved collaboration and communication between fisheries stakeholders, and (3) identify new opportunities to enhance fish-based livelihoods and food systems transformation in the country. This study aimed to assess the progress made toward these goals since 2016 through different pathways since the establishment and iterative development of PeskAAS. Using targeted interviews, we undertook a survey of respondents in key stakeholder groups: fishers, community enumerators, the private sector, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and external agencies, municipal fisheries officers and the national government

5) Considerações sobre o uso dos recursos florestais em comunidades ribeirinhas na Amazônia - Estado do Pará.

Ministério da Educação e do Desporto e Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará.1) Os dados apresentados neste artigo resultam de um extenso estudo de fenologia conduzido pelo primeiro autor na bacia do rio Jari. 1508 árvores de 14 famílias botânicas foram levantadas durante 36 observações mensais consecutivas. A fenologia quantitativa de indivíduos de espécies arbóreas localizadas em floresta primária constitui uma informação importante para a Autecologia de espécies da floresta tropical. Devido à vasta quantidade de informações que derivaram desse estudo, os resultados serão publicados por famílias selecionadas, sendo, o presente, sobre as famílias Caryocaraceae, Connaraceae e Humiriaceae. Afenologia das espécies de árvores será interpretada à luz das teorias da biologia evolutiva da polinização e da dispersão.2) Este trabalho identifica os fatores que explicam o reflorestamento o Brasil e avalia os impactos socioeconômicos do Programa Brasileiro de Florestamento e Reflorestamento sobre a concentração da terra e da riqueza, bem como seus efeitos distributivos. Simples equação, envolvendo o mecanismo de expectativas parciais, ao estilo do modelo nerloviano, é estimada. Os resultados sugerem que as variáveis preços e incentivos fiscais, expressas nos logaritmos naturais, são as principais fontes da expansão do reflorestamento no Brasil. Os impactos socioeconômicos do Programa de Reflorestamento, além de criar poucos empregos, contribuiu sobremaneira para aumentar a desigualdade na distribuição da posse da terra e da riqueza. Em termos de distribuição dos benefícios sociais, toda a sociedade beneficiouse do programa, mas apenas os consumidores apropriaram-se dos beneficios. A perda dos produtores foi compensada pelos incentivos fiscais.3) Na região Amazônica, estudos da erosividade das chuvas são de grande relevância, considerando que a maioria dos solos existentes na região são de baixa fertilidade natural e submetidos a elevados índices pluviométricos. O presente estudo foi efetuado com o objetivo de determinar a erosividade da chuva, num período de 10 anos (1980-1989), para a localidade de Belém(PA), além de características como o coeficiente da chuva e máxima intensidade em 30 minutos das precipitações locais. A metodologia usada para cálculo do EI30 foi a de Wischmeier, Smith, adaptada por Pôster et al., e para o coeficiente de chuva (Rc), aquela proposta por Fournier, e modificada por Lombardi Neto. Regressões foram efetuadas entre o índice El30 e o coeficiente de chuva e a precipitação. O resultado estimado do índice de erosividade (EI30) anual médio foi igual a 22.452 MJ.mm/ha.h.ano, com o período de dezembro-maio responsável por 72% da erosividade anual e 86% do coeficiente de chuva. As máximas intensidades das chuvas erosivas, no período de 30 minutos, situam-se entre 25mm/ha e 75mm/ha com 61,5% do total da precipitação considerada. O índice de erosividade varia de ano para ano, com 12.899 MJ/ha.h.ano em 1983 a 34,672 MJ/ha.h.ano em 1989. As equações de regressão encontradas foram EI30 = 7,75 * P - 137,13 (r = 0,99 **) e EI30 = 41,74 * Rc + 753,11 (r = 0,99**), respectivamente para precipitação (P) e coeficiente de chuva (Rc.)4) A inflação no Brasil é analisada nos horizontes de curto e longo prazos. O modelo da curva de Phillips expandida pelas expectativas, associado às teorias de co-integração e causalidade, é empregado. Os resultados sugerem que os choques de oferta e o nível de preços esperado são os principais responsáveis pelas variações do custo industrial que, por sua vez, é repassado aos preços por meio de um mark-up flexível. Os preços agrícolas têm pouca influência na evolução do índice de preços no atacado. Conclui-se que a prática dos congelamentos de preços não afetam as causas do processo inflacionário, vez que os incrementos dos salários médios industriais acima dos ganhos de produtividade é que causam os incrementos de preços.5) As novas condições impostas às comunidades ribeirinhas com o aumento da pressão sobre os recursos naturais da região têm gerado conseqüências sócio-ambientais negativas, provocando dois tipos principais de problemas correlacionados. O primeiro diz respeito à degradação da qualidade da vida, refletida em indicadores sócio-econômicos como o aumento do número de conflitos, a redução dos estoques de alimentos, a desarticulação das atividades econômicas tradicionais e o êxodo rural-urbano. O segundo problema diz respeito à degradação da qualidade do ambiente, verificável através de indicadores como a redução de algumas atividades econômicas outrora mais vigorosas, como a pesca, caça lavoura, extrativismo, comércio e artesanato. Concorrem para o agravamento destas questões o isolamento ao qual essas comunidades estão submetidas, a ausência ou presença incipiente do Estado e o aumento das demandas por recursos naturais. Nas duas comunidades estudadas constatou-se uma redução significativa de determinadas atividades e até mesmo o desaparecimento de algumas, como o extrativismo de balata. castanha-do-pará e borracha natural. A relação direta de dependência dos recursos naturais e as condições de isolamento geográfico e social a que essas populações estão historicamente submetidas têm influenciado diretamente no acirramento dos conflitos entre os quais se destacam três grupos principais: os conflitos em torno da atividade pesqueira, os conflitos em torno do uso dos recursos naturais e os conflitos fundiários.1) The data presented in this paper result from an extensive phenological study carried out by the first author in the Jari river basin, in which 1508 trees of 14 plant families were surveyed through 36 consecutive monthly observations. The quantitative phenology of individual tree species in primary forest situation constilute important Information for the autecology of tropical forest species. Due to the vast amount of information which resulted from the study, the results will be published in selected families, the present one, being on species of trees of the families Caryocaraceae, Connaraceae and Humiriaceae, in which the species phenology of the trees will be interpreted according with lhe theories of the evolutionary biology of pollination and dispersal.2) This paper identifies factors explaming reforestation expansion in Brazil and evaluates the socioeconomic impacts of lhe Brazihan forestation and reforeslation program on land property and wealth distribution. It also assesses the program's social benefits. Single equation is stimated using the Nerlovian Partial Adjustment Model. The results suggest that log prices and governmental fiscal incentives are the main sources of reforestation growth in Brazil. Regarding socioeconomic impacts. the Brazilian reforestation program has created few jobs. However, it did have a major impact on the concentration of land property and wealth. The reforestation program benefited society as a whole, but only consumers appropriate the benefits. Producer loss was compensated by fiscal incentives.3) In the Amazon region studies ofthe rainfall erosivity are of great importance considering that the majority existents soils are of low fertility and submited to the high rainfall indexes. The present study was performed wilh the objectives of identify the rainfall erosivity, in a ten year period (1980-1989), for Belém area, as well as local rainfall characteristics, such as rainfall coeficient and maximum intensities. The used methodology, for EI30 calculaíion, was the Wischmeier, Smilh. modifted by Foster et al, and the rainfall coefficient (Rc), the proposed byFournier., modifted by Lombardi Neto. Regressions were effected among the El30 index, and the rainfall coefficient and precipitation. The result presented mean anua lerosivity index (El30) equal to 22.452 MJ.mm.h. -1 h. -1 year, wilh the december-may period responsable by 72% of the animal erosivity and 86% for rainfall coefficient. The maximum intensity of the rainfall erosive precipited in the 30 minutes period, ranged between 25 mm.h.-1 and 75 mm.h-1, wilh 61,5% of the total precipitation. Erosivity index varied from year to year, with 12.89 9MJ.mm.ha.-1h.-1 year in 1983 and 34.672 MJ.mm.ha.-1 h.-1 year in 1989. The best regression equations found were: El30 = 7,75 * P - 137.13 (r = 0,99**) and EI30 = 41,74 * Rc + 753,11 (r = 0.99 **), respectively for precipitation (P) and rainfall coefficient (Rc).4) The inflation in Brazil is analysed in lhe short and long term. The model of expectational Phillips curve combined with lhe co-integration and causality theory is used. The results suggest that supply shocks and level of expected prices are the main responsable for variations in industrial costs and it is transmited to the prices through flexible mark-up. However, the agricultural prices have little influence on the evolution of whole sale prices. Finaliy it is indicated that the practice of price freezing doesn 't cause the inflationary process because the increase of average industry wage above of productivity gain is the main force behind price increase.5) The new conditions imposed to riverine communities as a result of the increased pressures over the region's natural resources have brought deleterious socio-environmental consequences leading to two major types of interrelated problems. The first one concerns the degradation of life quality, as reflected by socio-economical indicators such as the increasing of conflicts, a reduction of the food supplies, the dearticulation of traditional economical activities and the urban-rural exodus. The second problem concerns the degradation of the environment, as can be seen through indicators such as the reduction of certain economical activities which were once more vigorous, such as fishing, hunting, agriculture, gathering of extractive products, commerce and manufacturing. Adding to the aggravation of these are the isolation which such communities have been subjected to, the insipient or even lacking presence of the State and the increased demand for natural resources. In the two communities studied it was noted a significam reduction or even the disappearance of certain activities, such as the extraction of lhe balala gum, brazil nut and rubber. The dose dependency on natural resources and the geographical and social isolation to which these communities have been subjected to have influenced directly the incrcase of three major types of conflicts: conflicts of fishing activities, conflicts for the use of natural resources and conflicts for land

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research