On the Feasibility of Specialized Ability Stealing for Large Language Code Models

Recent progress in large language code models (LLCMs) has led to a dramatic surge in the use of software development. Nevertheless, it is widely known that training a well-performed LLCM requires a plethora of workforce for collecting the data and high quality annotation. Additionally, the training dataset may be proprietary (or partially open source to the public), and the training process is often conducted on a large-scale cluster of GPUs with high costs. Inspired by the recent success of imitation attacks in stealing computer vision and natural language models, this work launches the first imitation attack on LLCMs: by querying a target LLCM with carefully-designed queries and collecting the outputs, the adversary can train an imitation model that manifests close behavior with the target LLCM. We systematically investigate the effectiveness of launching imitation attacks under different query schemes and different LLCM tasks. We also design novel methods to polish the LLCM outputs, resulting in an effective imitation training process. We summarize our findings and provide lessons harvested in this study that can help better depict the attack surface of LLCMs. Our research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on imitation attacks and defenses in deep neural models, particularly in the domain of code related tasks.Comment: 11 page

Pore structure characterization of Chang-7 tight sandstone using MICP combined with N2GA techniques and its geological control factors

Understanding the pore networks of unconventional tight reservoirs such as tight sandstones and shales is crucial for extracting oil/gas from such reservoirs. Mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) and N(2) gas adsorption (N(2)GA) are performed to evaluate pore structure of Chang-7 tight sandstone. Thin section observation, scanning electron microscope, grain size analysis, mineral composition analysis, and porosity measurement are applied to investigate geological control factors of pore structure. Grain size is positively correlated with detrital mineral content and grain size standard deviation while negatively related to clay content. Detrital mineral content and grain size are positively correlated with porosity, pore throat radius and withdrawal efficiency and negatively related to capillary pressure and pore-to-throat size ratio; while interstitial material is negatively correlated with above mentioned factors. Well sorted sediments with high debris usually possess strong compaction resistance to preserve original pores. Although many inter-crystalline pores are produced in clay minerals, this type of pores is not the most important contributor to porosity. Besides this, pore shape determined by N(2)GA hysteresis loop is consistent with SEM observation on clay inter-crystalline pores while BJH pore volume is positively related with clay content, suggesting N(2)GA is suitable for describing clay inter-crystalline pores in tight sandstones

Synthesis of Polyionic Liquid by Phenolic Condensation and Its Application in Esterification

A novel polyionic liquid for esterification was synthesized by phenolic condensation. Different characterization techniques were applied, and the result showed that the catalyst had high acidity amount (4.5 mmol/g) and good thermal stability. The decomposition temperature of the polyionic liquid catalyst (PIL-S) was 240 degrees C, which was fitted to the product of ester. Owing to these good properties, the PIL-S exhibited excellent catalytic activity in esterification. The optimized condition was the 6 wt % catalyst amount, and the ratio of acetic acid to n-butanol was 0.8:1 at 95 degrees C for 3 h. In the optimized condition, the yield of ester was 97.1%. The PIL-S also has a good catalytic effect in other esterification systems. Compared with commercial resins (Amberlyst 15) and other catalysts, PIL-S showed better catalytic activity. After eight times use, the yield of ester did not decrease obviously (over 94%). The structure of PIL-S remained stable after eight times use

Data from: Enhancement on the electrochemical properties of commercial coconut shell-based activated carbon by H2O dielectric barrier discharge plasma

Commercial coconut shell-based activated carbon (CSAC) has low specific capacitance and specific capacitance retention owing to its undeveloped pore structure and low proportion of heteroatoms. In this study, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was used to enhance the specific capacitance and rate capability of CSAC. H2O was used as excited medium to introduce oxygen functional groups. The physicochemical properties of CSAC and CSAC modified by H2O plasma (HCSAC) were revealed by automated surface area and pore size analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy (Raman). Electrochemical workstation was applied to investigate the electrochemical properties of CSAC and HCSAC. Obtained results showed that plasma modification improved the specific capacitance of CSAC by 64.8% (current density, 1 A g-1; electrolyte, 6 M KOH solution) within 100 seconds. This result is ascribed to the oxygen functional groups introduced to the surface of CSAC. It can also improve hydrophilicity and wettability of the carbon surface leading to an increase from 76.7% to 84.6% in specific capacitance retention. Furthermore, H2O plasma modification can introduce oxygen functional groups without destroying the initial pore structures of CSAC. In summary, we provide a simple, fast, environment-friendly modification method to enhance the electrochemical properties of CSAC

Pore Size Distribution Characterization by Joint Interpretation of MICP and NMR: A Case Study of Chang 7 Tight Sandstone in the Ordos Basin

Pore size distribution characterization of unconventional tight reservoirs is extremely significant for an optimized extraction of petroleum from such reservoirs. In the present study, mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are integrated to evaluate the pore size distribution of the Chang 7 tight sandstone reservoir. The results show that the Chang 7 tight sandstones are characterized by high clay mineral content and fine grain size. They feature complex micro-nano-pore network system, mainly composed of regular primary intergranular pores, dissolved pores, inter-crystalline pores, and micro-fractures. Compared to the porosity obtained from MICP, the NMR porosity is closer to the gas-measured porosity (core analysis), and thus can more accurately describe the total pore space of the tight sandstone reservoirs. The pore throat distribution (PTD) from MICP presents a centralized distribution with high amplitude, while the pore size distribution (PSD) derived from NMR shows a unimodal distribution or bimodal distribution with low amplitude. It is notable that the difference between the PSD and the PTD is always related to the pore network composed of large pores connecting with narrow throats. The PSD always coincides very well with the PTD in the very tight non-reservoirs with a much lower porosity and permeability, probably due to the pore geometry that is dominated by the cylindrical pores. However, a significant inconsistency between the PSD and PTD in tight reservoirs of relatively high porosity and low permeability is usually associated with the pore network that is dominated by the sphere-cylindrical pores. Additionally, Euclidean distance between PSD and PTD shows a good positive correlation with pore throat ratio (PTR), further indicating that the greater difference of pore bodies and pore throats, the more obvious differentiation of two distributions. In summary, the MICP and NMR techniques imply the different profiles of pore structure, which has an important implication for deep insight into pore structure and accurate evaluation of petrophysical properties in the tight sandstone reservoir

Accurate Fault Location Method Based on Time-Domain Information Estimation for Medium-Voltage Distribution Network

The sampling rate of the wide-area synchronous phasor measuring device (D-PMU) in the distribution network is insufficient, and the localization sensitivity of the traditional localization method based on the time-domain Bergeron equation in the distribution network is insufficient. In this paper, an accurate location method of the distribution line grounding fault based on the time-domain’ synchronous information calculation is proposed to solve the problem of limited location accuracy caused by a low sampling rate and the insufficient sensitivity of traditional methods. The method preprocesses the measurement data through low-frequency time-domain signal reconstruction and cubic spline interpolation. The fault current’s different location criterion is constructed by using the voltage and current constraints at the fault point. By calculating the fault current difference at a limited number of calculated points, the accurate fault location under a low sampling rate is realized, which is beneficial to the rapid maintenance of faults and the shortening of the power outage time

Construction of Multifunctional Hierarchical Biofilms for Highly Sensitive and Weather-Resistant Fire Warning

Multifunctional biofilms with early fire-warning capabilities are highly necessary for various indoor and outdoor applications, but a rational design of intelligent fire alarm films with strong weather resistance remains a major challenge. Herein, a multiscale hierarchical biofilm based on lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and TiO2 was developed through a vacuum-assisted alternate self-assembly and dipping method. Then, an early fire-warning system that changes from an insulating state to a conductive one was designed, relying on the rapid carbonization of LCNFs together with the unique electronic excitation characteristics of TiO2. Typically, the L-CNT-TiO2 film exhibited an ultrasensitive fire-response signal of ~0.30 s and a long-term warning time of ~1238 s when a fire disaster was about to occur, demonstrating a reliable fire-alarm performance and promising flame-resistance ability. More importantly, the L-CNT-TiO2 biofilm also possessed a water contact angle (WCA) of 166 ± 1° and an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) as high as 2000, resulting in excellent superhydrophobicity, antifouling, self-cleaning as well as incredible anti-ultraviolet (UV) capabilities. This work offers an innovative strategy for developing advanced intelligent films for fire safety and prevention applications, which holds great promise for the field of building materials

Logging identification and distribution characteristics of high-gamma sandstones in the 7th member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin

A large number of sandstone interlayers were developed in the shale strata of the 7th member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation (Chang 7 member) in the Ordos Basin. These sandstone interlayers are frequently accompanied by abnormally high natural gamma values as high as 330.5 API. As a result, they are undistingui shable from shale on well profile. To characterize the high-gamma sandstones, the clastic rocks of the Chang 7 member were classified into fine sandstone, siltstone, argillaceous siltstone, silty mudstone, mudstone and shale according to grain size and structural characteristics. Conventional logging data were recalculated and combined into two new parameters—A and B. The new intersection chart composed of parameters A and B and natural gamma logging data can effectively distinguish and identify normal sandstone and high-gamma sandstone in the Chang 7 member. The plane distribution of cumulative thickness of high-gamma sandstone in the Chang 7 member shows that the high-gamma sandstone is mainly located in the southwest of the study area. The finger-like distribution of high-gamma sandstone from the edge to the center of the lake basin indicates that its formation may be related to the volcanic eruption during sedimentary period