Linear Extension Cube Attack on Stream Ciphers

Basing on the original Cube attack, this paper proposes an improved method of Cube attack on stream ciphers, which makes improvement on the pre-processing phase of the original attack. The new method can induce maxterms of higher-order from those of lower-order by the trade-off between time and space, thus recovering more key bits and reducing the search complexity on higher-dimension. In this paper, the improved attack is applied to Lili-128 algorithm and reduced variants of Trivium algorithm. We can recover 88 key bits of Lili-128 algorithm within time complexity of 2^14 and 48 key bits of Trivium algorithm can be recovered by cubes with dimension no larger than 8 when the initialization round is 576, the results are much better than those of the original attacks

In vitro and in vivo assessment of pulmonary risk associated with exposure to combustion generated fine particles

Strong correlations exist between exposure to PM2.5 and adverse pulmonary effects. PM2.5 consists of fine (≤2.5μm) and ultrafine (≤0.1μm) particles with ultrafine particles accounting for \u3e70% of the total particles. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have recently been identified in airborne PM2.5. To determine the adverse pulmonary effects of EPFRs associated with exposure to elevated levels of PM2.5, we engineered 2.5μm surrogate EPFR-particle systems. We demonstrated that EPFRs generated greater oxidative stress in vitro, which was partly responsible for the enhanced cytotoxicity following exposure. In vivo studies using rats exposed to EPFRs containing particles demonstrated minimal adverse pulmonary effects. Additional studies revealed that fine particles failed to reach the alveolar region. Overall, our study implies qualitative differences between the health effects of PM size fractions. © 2010 Elsevier B.V

The Improved Cube Attack on Grain-v1

The crucial problem of cube attack is the selection of cube set, which also being the most time-consuming process. This paper designs a new search algorithm which generates several linear equations through one cube set and applies cube attack to simplified version of Grain-v1algorithem. Our attack directly recovers 14 bits of the secret key when the initialization rounds in Grain-v1is 75 and finds 5 linear expressions about another 28 bits of the key

Inchoate CD8\u3csup\u3e+\u3c/sup\u3e T cell responses in neonatal mice permit influenza-induced persistent pulmonary dysfunction

Influenza infection remains a significant cause of pulmonary morbidity and mortality worldwide, with the highest hospitalization and mortality rates occurring in infants and elder adults. The mechanisms inducing this considerable morbidity and mortality are largely unknown. To address this question, we established a neonatal mouse model of influenza infection to test the hypothesis that the immaturity of the neonatal immune system is responsible for the severe pulmonary disease observed in infants. Seven-day-old mice were infected with influenza A virus (H1N1) and allowed to mature. As adults, these mice showed enhanced airway hyperreactivity, chronic pulmonary inflammation, and diffuse emphysematous-type lesions in the lungs. The adaptive immune responses of the neonates were much weaker than those of adults. This insufficiency appeared to be in both magnitude and functionality and was most apparent in the CD8 + T cell population. To determine the role of neonatal CD8 + T cells in disease outcome, adult, naive CD8+ T cells were adoptively transferred into neonates before infection. Neonatal mice receiving the adult CD8+ T cells had significantly lower pulmonary viral titers and greatly improved pulmonary function as adults (airway resistance similar to SHAM). Additional adoptive transfer studies using adult CD8+ T cells from IFN-γ-deficient mice demonstrated the importance of IFN-γ from CD8+ T cells in controlling the infection and in determining disease outcome. Our data indicate that neonates are more vulnerable to severe infections due to immaturity of their immune system and emphasize the importance of vaccination in infants. Copyright © 2008 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc

Clinical factors of post-chemoradiotherapy as valuable indicators for pathological complete response in locally advanced rectal cancer

OBJECTIVES: Pathological complete response has shown a better prognosis for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. However, correlations between post-chemoradiotherapy clinical factors and pathologic complete response are not well confirmed. The aim of the current study was to identify post-chemoradiotherapy clinical factors that could serve as indicators of pathologic complete response in locally advanced rectal cancer. METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed 544 consecutive patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from December 2003 to June 2014. All patients received preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify post-chemoradiotherapy clinical factors that are significant indicators of pathologic complete response. RESULTS: In this study, 126 of 544 patients (23.2%) achieved pathological complete response. In multivariate analyses, increased pathological complete response rate was significantly associated with the following factors: post-chemoradiotherapy clinical T stage 0-2 (odds ratio=2.098, 95% confidence interval=1.023-4.304, p=0.043), post-chemoradiotherapy clinical N stage 0 (odds ratio=2.011, 95% confidence interval=1.264-3.201, p=0.003), interval from completion of preoperative chemoradiotherapy to surgery of >;7 weeks (odds ratio=1.795, 95% confidence interval=1.151-2.801, p=0.010) and post-chemoradiotherapy carcinoembryonic antigen ≤2 ng/ml (odds ratio=1.579, 95% confidence interval=1.026-2.432, p=0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Post-chemoradiotherapy clinical T stage 0-2, post-chemoradiotherapy clinical N stage 0, interval from completion of chemoradiotherapy to surgery of >;7 weeks and post-chemoradiotherapy carcinoembryonic antigen ≤2 ng/ml were independent clinical indicators for pathological complete response. These findings demonstrate that post-chemoradiotherapy clinical factors could be valuable for post-operative assessment of pathological complete response

Delineating the molecular landscape of different histopathological growth patterns in colorectal cancer liver metastases

BackgroundHistopathological growth patterns (HGPs) have shown important prognostic values for patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases, but the potential molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown.MethodsWe performed an exploratory analysis by conducting the RNA sequencing of primary colorectal lesions, colorectal liver metastatic lesions and normal liver tissues.FindingsWe found that desmoplastic HGPs of the metastatic lesions were significantly enriched in EMT, angiogenesis, stroma, and immune signaling pathways, while replacement HGPs were enriched in metabolism, cell cycle, and DNA damage repair pathways. With the exception of immune-related genes, the differentially expressed genes of the two HGPs from colorectal liver metastases were mostly inherited from the primary tumor. Moreover, normal liver tissue in the desmoplastic HGP subgroup was markedly enriched in the fibrinous inflammation pathway.ConclusionsWe surmised that HGPs are observable morphological changes resulting from the regulation of molecular expressions, which is the combined effect of the heterogeneity and remodeling of primary tumors seeds and liver soils

Synthesis, structure and separation of a new chiral metal cluster (μ₃-S)FeCoMo(CO)₈ {C₅H₄C(O)C₆H₄C(O)OCH₃-4} on an amylopectin <span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">tris-(phenylcarbamate) chiral column by HPLC</span>

411-415Preparation of amylopectin tris(phenylcarbamate) (ATP) chiral stationary phases (CSPs) coated on small-particle (5μm, 120Å) spherical silica support is reported. A new chiral tetrahedral cluster FeCoMo(μ3-S) <span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR;mso-bidi-font-family: HiddenHorzOCR">(CO)8{C5H4C(O)C6H4C(O)OCH3-4) (2) has been synthesized by the thermal reaction of the precursor (μ-S)FeCO2 (CO)<span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:HiddenHorzOCR;mso-bidi-font-family:HiddenHorzOCR">9 with functionally substituted cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl metal anion [<span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR; mso-bidi-font-family:HiddenHorzOCR">Mo(CO)3C5H4C(O)CH3] and it has been resolved on the amylopectin tris (phenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase. </span

L-phenylalanine Increased Gut Hormone Secretion through Calcium-Sensing Receptor in the Porcine Duodenum

Luminal amino acids have a pivotal role in gut hormone secretion, and thereby modulate food intake and energy metabolism. However, the mechanisms by which amino acids exert this effect remains unknown. The purpose of this research was to investigate the response of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) to gut hormone secretion and its underlying mechanisms by perfusing the pig duodenum. Eighty mM L-Phe and extracellular Ca2+ stimulated cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) release, and upregulated the mRNA expression of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), CCK, and GIP. Western blotting results showed that L-Phe also elevated the protein levels of CaSR, the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R), and protein kinase C (PKC). However, the CaSR inhibitor NPS 2143 reduced the mRNA expression of CaSR, CCK, and GIP, and the secretion of CCK and GIP, as well as the protein level of CaSR, IP3R, and PKC. These results indicated that Phe stimulated gut secretion through a CaSR-mediated pathway and its downstream signaling molecules, PKC and IP3R

Full-Scale Label-Free Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Analysis of Mouse Brain Using a Black Phosphorus-Based Two-Dimensional Nanoprobe

The brain takes the vital role in human physiological and psychological activities. The precise understanding of the structure of the brain can supply the material basis for the psychological behavior and cognitive ability of human beings. In this study, a fast molecular fingerprint analysis of mouse brain tissue was performed using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. A nanohybrid consisting of flake-like black phosphorus (BP) and Au nanoparticles (BP-AuNSs) served as the novel SERS substrate for the spectral analysis of brain tissue. BP-AuNSs exhibited outstanding SERS activity compared to the traditional citrate-stabilized Au nanoparticles, which could be largely ascribed to the plentiful hot spots formed in the BP nanosheet. Rapid, full-scale and label-free SERS imaging of mouse brain tissue was then realized with a scanning speed of 56 ms per pixel. Fine textures and clear contour were observed in the SERS images of brain tissue, which could be well in accordance with the classical histological analysis; however, it could avoid the disadvantages in the processing procedure of tissue section. Additionally, the SERS spectra illustrated plentiful biochemical fingerprint of brain tissue, which indicated the molecular composition of various encephalic regions. The SERS difference spectrum of the left versus right hemisphere revealed the biochemical difference between the two hemispheres, which helped to uncover the psychological and cognitive models of the left and right hemispheres