Use of the synthetic adhesive enbucrilate (Hystoacril®) in the repair of deep corneal ulcers: experimental study in dogs (Canis familiaris, Linnaeus, 1758)

This study consisted in the application of a synthetic adhesive in corneas prepared on trials of size and deepness standard superficial keratectomies. Twenty one dogs were used, whose corneas received the adhesive in study. The animals were divided in 6 experimental groups and one control group, each one with three animals, which were followed up by different periods post-operative, as follow: 1; 3; 7; 15; 30 and 60 days. At the end of each period, the corneas were collected and kept in tamponade formalin. Clinical and histopathological evaluation showed inflammatory reaction to the synthetic adhesive as compared to the control group. The synthetic adhesive remained for 20 days. It was concluded that adhesives are useful for the repair of corneal lesions, as confirmed by the corneal tissue stability.O presente trabalho consistiu na aplicação do adesivo sintético embucrilato em córneas experimentalmente preparadas através da realização de ceratectomias lamelares, de profundidade e tamanho padronizados. Foram utilizados 21 cães, cujas córneas receberam o adesivo, os quais foram divididos em 6 grupos experimentais e 1 grupo controle, cada um com 3 animais, que foram submetidos a períodos variados de acompanhamento pós-operatório, a saber: 1; 3; 7; 15; 30 e 60 dias. Ao final de cada período, as córneas foram coletadas e mantidas em formalina tamponada. As avaliações consistiram na determinação da evolução clínica e estudo histopatológico de todos os olhos operados. Os resultados revelaram reação inflamatória ao adesivo sintético quando comparado com o grupo controle. Por outro lado, o adesivo mostrou-se estável, mantendo-se presente na área aplicada por um período médio de 20 dias. De acordo com os resultados, concluiu-se que os adesivos são de grande utilidade no reparo das lesões da córnea, fato este comprovado pela estabilidade do tecido corneano em relação ao material proposto, facilidade e custo de aplicação

Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor in a Bitch

Background: The diagnostic of neoplasia in dogs has risen significantly in the last years and this fact is mostly attributed to the longer life expectancy of these animals, which contributes to a greater chance of exposure to carcinogenic agents. In between the diverse tumors that could compromise skin, the mastocytoma is the third most commonly diagnosed neoplasia. It is characterized by being a form of neoplasia with round cells, these being the mast cells. The objective of the present study consisted in relating a case of cutaneous mastocytoma in a 7-year-old bitch mixed-breed treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) - Uberaba, MG, Brazil.Case: The bitch initially presented a localized nodule external to the right ear pinna with cytology test suggesting a mastocytoma. The nodule was surgically removed and, posteriorly, an histopatholgy was not requested. After 5 months since the emergence of the nodule and a month after its surgical resection, the tutor noticed the presence of a new growth in the ipsilateral cervical region to the previous nodule. At this moment, the responsible veterinarian decided to refer the animal to an oncologist. During the appointment with the oncologist, alterations such as hyporexia and anemia were related, and the presence of a nodule in the right cervical region measuring 4.5 to 4 cm of diameter was verified. Material for cytologic evaluation of the neoplasia was collected and again the result suggested a mastocytoma. The new tumor was also surgically removed but was then referred to histopathological evaluation for diagnostic confirmation, grading and evaluation of surgical margins. The tumor was classified as an infiltrative subcutaneous mastocytoma presenting, additionally, compromised surgical margins. After its excision, the association with a chemotherapy treatment using a protocol of Vimblastina 2 mg/m², i.v. in unique dosage per section, associated with Predinisona 1 mg/kg, v.o, SID was indicated. Each section was realized with an interval of 7 days in between. Only 2 chemotherapy sessions took place. Because of the worsening of the clinical condition associated with a very weakened animal the veterinarian opted for the euthanasia of the animal.Discussion: The diagnostic of mastocytoma must be realized through the association of cytology and histopathology, in case histopathological evaluation is needed to confirm the obtained cytology result, to grade the tumor and to evaluate the compromising of surgical margins. In this sense, it was observed that the bitch was submitted only to cytology diagnostic when it presented the nodule in the ear pavilion. Yet, at the second approach realized by the oncologist, it was possible to realize adequate diagnose methods. However, the animal was not submitted to clinical staging of the mastocytoma due to the non-authorization of the exam by the tutor. Such measure is very important, as it reflects directly in the treatment and prognostic of the animal. Thus, image exams such as abdominal ultrasonography and chest X-ray should have been realized, as well as cytological and histopathological evaluation of the regional lymph nodes, in order to search for metastasis points in these places. As the data suggests, the importance of clinical staging of animals affected by this neoplasia and the importance of cytological evaluation associated with histopathology for a correct diagnosis, prognosis and mastocytoma treatment is noted. It is emphasized that many times veterinarians face impediment related to requesting all necessary exams coming from tutors, which compromises treatment success.Keywords: canine, mast cell, cytology, histopathology, neoplasia, tumor, chemotherapy. Título: Mastocitoma Cutâneo em uma cadela Descritores: canino, mastócito, citologia, histopatologia, neoplasia, tumor, quimioterapia

Metástase cutânea de osteossarcoma em um cão: relato de caso

This article relates a case of a three-year-old male Rottweiler dog, with diagnostic of fibroblastic osteosarcoma on left femur distal third, associated with cutaneous metastasis. It's detached the rare occurrence of this found in dog, being an aggravating factor for the prognostic of this disease.Relata-se neste trabalho o caso de um cão Rottweiler, macho, de três anos de idade, com diagnóstico de osteossarcoma fibroblástico em terço distal de fêmur esquerdo, associado a metástase cutânea. Ressalta-se a insólita ocorrência deste achado em cães, sendo este um fator agravante para o prognóstico desta enfermidade

Megaureter gigante por ectopia ureteral intramural em cão

Background: The urinary tract is composed by kidneys, urinary bladder and urethra. The kidneys produce urine that achieve urinary bladder by ureters. These have the origin in the renal pelvis, run through the retroperitoneum, end up at the dorsolateral superficies of the urinary bladder, and empty at the trigone. Ureters abnormalities are the rarest congenital defects in the canine urinary tract and ureteroceles are cystic dilatations of the distal segment of the ureter that could be associated to partial or complete urinary obstructions and could lead to megaureter and hydronephrosis. So, the aim of the present study was to describe a case of megaureter by intramural ureteral ectopia in a bitch. Case: A 1-year-old-and-8-month bitch Akita, weighing 18 kg, was referred to the Uniube Veterinary Hospital with vaginal secretion, prostration, hypodipsia, hyporexia and pyrexia related by the tutor. On physical examination, an increase in vulva volume and a vaginal discharge were observed. Nevertheless, others physical exams, blood count and biochemical tests were considered to be within normal parameters. Urinalysis showed cloudy aspect, proteinuria, occult blood, erythrocytes, pyuria, leucocytes, and discreet presence of bacteria. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a megaureter with right uterocele and excretory urography showed absence of glomerular filtration by right kidney. The patient was submitted to surgery for right kidney and ureter exeresis. Histopathology evaluation showed intense dilation of the ureter and severe multifocal renal fibrosis. The surgery was well succeeded, and the patient recovered completely.  Discussion: Once megaureter are associated with congenital abnormalities like ectopic ureter and ureterocele, it is usually diagnosed in young patients with medium age of 10 months, which is below the age of the patient in this case report. Additionally, in the patient here reported, the unilateral alteration could explain the absence of kidney fail symptoms. In more than 90% of the cases, the ureteral ectopia was associated with multiple anomalies in the urinary tract, as was observed in this patient, that presented besides ectopic ureter, ureterocele, megaureter and renal dystrophy. All these morphological alterations made impossible the complete urine elimination, which predispose to urinary tract infection, that was observed in this report. According to literature, urinary tract anomalies are associated with infection in 64 to 85% and 50% of the cases also present hydronephrosis and hydroureter. It was also described that ureteral ectopia is diagnosed by visualization of hydroureter in abdominal ultrasonography. The findings present in this report differs a little, once the right kidney was atrophic possibly by malformation or even so by a chronic renal lesion due to the difficulty in urine flow. The excretory urography showed no filtration in the right kidney, indicating non-functionality that was confirmed by histopathology, in which was observed small glomerulus and large amount of connective tissue deposition. In cases of unilateral megaureter with ipsilateral kidney commitment, there is indication of nephroureterectomy, that was performed in the patient of the present report. As far as we know, this is the first report of megaureter, ureterocele and ectopia ureteral together in the same patient. In conclusion, the procedure was secure, efficient and promote a better quality of life for the patient and prevent the recurrence of urinary tract infections. Keywords: Urinary system, malformation, nephroureterectomy, surgery, cystitis. Título: Megaureter gigante por ectopia ureteral intramural em cadela. Descritores: Sistema urinário, malformação, nefroureterectomia, cirurgia, cistite. ystitis.O sistema urinário é composto por rins, ureteres, bexiga e uretra. Os rins produzem a urina que chegará à bexiga por meio dos ureteres. Estes têm origem na pelve renal, correm pelo retroperitônio e desembocam na superfície dorsolateral caudal da bexiga e se esvaziam no trígono. Alterações nos ureteres são os defeitos congênitos mais raros do sistema urogenital de cães. Ureteroceles são dilatações císticas do segmento distal do ureter e podem estar associadas a obstruções urinárias parciais ou completas e podem levar ao megaureter e a hidronefrose. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de descrever um caso de megaureter por ectopia ureteral intramural em uma cadela. Caso: Uma cadela Akita, csecreção vaginal, prostração, hipodipsia, hiporexia e pirexia. Ao realizar o exame físico observou-se aumento de volume vulvar, corrimento vaginal. Os parâmetros do exame físico estavam normais. Não foram observadas alterações no hemograma e nem nos exames bioquímicos. Diversas alterações foram observadas na urinalise como aspecto turvo, proteinúria, sangue oculto, eritrócitos, piuria, leucócitos e presença discreta de bactérias. A ultrassonografia abdominal mostrou um megaureter com ureterocele direitos e a urografia excretora mostrou ausência de filtração glomerular no rim direito. O paciente foi submetido cirurgia para exérese do rim ureter direitos. A avaliação histopatológica do rim e ureter direitos mostrou dilatação intensa de ureter e fibrose renal multifocal intensa.O procedimento cirúrgico foi bem-sucedido e o animal se recuperou bem. Discussão: Por estar associado a alterações congênitas como ureter ectópico e ureterocele, o megaureter é diagnosticado em pacientes jovens com idade média de 10 meses, idade inferior ao paciente do presente relato. Adicionalmente, no animal aqui relatado, a alteração unilateral pode explicar  a falta de sinais de falha renal. Mais de 90% dos casos, a ectopia ureteral está associada a múltiplas anomalias do trato urinário, assim como o observado no paciente deste relato, que além do ureter ectópico, apresentava ureterocele, megaureter e atrofia renal. Com todas essas alterações morfológicas que impossibilitavam a eliminação completa da urina, observa-se, como consequência, a predisposição a infecções do trato urinário, o que de fato foi observado. A literatura aponta que anomalias do trato urinário estão associadas com infecção em 64 a 85% dos casos, ainda citaram que cerca de 50% dos casos apresentam hidronefrose e hidroureter.  Foi também descrito que ureteres ectópicos são diagnosticados em decorrência do hidroureter visibilizado na ultrassonografia abdominal. Os achados neste relato diferem um pouco do que foi descrito, visto que o rim direito estava atrofiado, possivelmente em decorrência de uma má formação ou até mesmo de uma lesão renal crônica causada pela dificuldade de escoamento da urina no lado direito, como citado anteriormente. A urografia excretora realizada no paciente do presente relatou evidenciou que não havia filtração no rim direito, indicando afuncionalidade, o que foi confirmado pela avaliação histopatológica, em que foi possível observar glomérulos diminutos e grande quantidade de deposição de tecido conjuntivo fibroso. Em casos de megaureter unilateral com presença de comprometimento grave do rim ipsilateral, há indicação de nefroureterectomia, como foi realizado no paciente deste relato. Até onde se sabe, esse é o primeiro relato de megaureter, ureterocele e ectopia ureteral em um mesmo paciente. Em conclusão, o procedimento executado foi seguro e se mostrou eficiente no tratamento do defeito anatômico congênito, promovendo assim uma melhor qualidade de vida para o paciente e prevenção de recorrência de infecções do trato urinário. Descritores: Sistema urinário; malformação; nefroureterectomia; cirurgia; cistite

Perineal Hernia in Dogs

Background: Perineal hernia is a serious disease characterized by weakening or atrophy and separation of the muscles and fasciae of the perineal musculature, followed by the caudal displacement of pelvic and abdominal organs to the perineum region. Treatment is invariably surgical and several approaches have been proposed, but complication and recurrence rates remain high. This study aimed to evaluate 120 cases of perineal hernia treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba (HVU) from 2005 to 2020, addressing the clinical and surgical aspects and the postoperative period, seeking to identify the most relevant factors to improve care and treatment of future patients affected by this disease.Materials, Methods & Results: The medical records of dogs with a definitive diagnosis of perineal hernia were collected. The prevalence of perineal hernia was calculated. Data were obtained regarding sex, being castrated or not, age, body mass, race, clinical signs, affected side, possibility of hernia reduction, treatments used, associated pathologies. Of the 120 cases, only 69 underwent surgery at the HVU and from these cases data were obtained regarding hernia content, surgical techniques, surgical wires used, recurrences and postoperative complications. Fisher's exact test was applied to assess the influence of the type of surgical treatment and surgical thread on the occurrence of complications and recurrences. Perineal hernia was the second most frequently observed hernia. Mixed breed, male, non-neutered and geriatric dogs were the most affected. The most frequently observed clinical signs were related to the digestive and urinary tract, consistent with the most commonly found hernia contents (bladder, prostate and rectum). The simple herniorrhaphy technique was the most used and showed a high number of complications. The second most used technique was the elevation of the internal shutter, which proved to be more efficient than the simple technique. Regardless of the technique used, the association of two or more techniques proved to be more efficient to reduce major complications. The use of the vaginal tunic stood out because it proved to be efficient in the treatment of perineal hernias regardless of whether it is associated with simple herniorrhaphy or obturator elevation. The surgical fixations of abdominal organs (Bladder, Ducto deferente and Colon) proved to be effective, since there were no recurrences or major complications associated with their use and the most used threads for herniorrhaphy were polyamide and catgut. Low recurrence rates were found in patients who received synthetic yarns. The most frequent complications were suture dehiscence and serous secretion.Discussion: Perineal hernia is a very important alteration due to difficulties in treatment, high rates of complications and recurrence, in addition to the large number of affected dogs. Several surgical techniques have already been proposed for the treatment of perineal hernia in dogs and are based on the reconstruction of the perineal musculature through sutures, muscle flaps, biological membranes, synthetic mesh and the reduction of pressure on the perineum through the surgical fixation of organs abdominals such as colon, vas deferens and bladder (in the musculature of the abdominal wall). It is concluded that the perineal hernia affects mainly male, non-neutered and geriatric dogs, being rare in females. Regardless of the techniques used, the association of two or more techniques is more efficient to reduce the rate of recurrences and complications. The autogenous vaginal tunic is a good option for muscle strengthening in perineal herniorraphies. The use of synthetic surgical wires leads to better results in the treatment of perineal hernia when compared to biological wires

Hysteropexy in the Treatment of Total Uterine Prolapse in a Brazilian Molosser Bitch

Background: Uterine prolapse is an obstetric emergency because the exposed tissue can present edema, devitalization or even gangrene, depending on the evolution time and on the severity of circulatory changes. Haemorrhage due to the rupture of ovarian or uterine vessels can evolve rapidly to hypovolemic shock. More rarely, secondary thromboembolism to the uterine strangulation can be developed, complication that can also lead to death. This study reports the case of a Brazilian Molosser bitch treated by reducing total uterine prolapse, complemented with hysteropexy, in order to prevent recurrence and maintain its reproductive ability. Case: A 5-year-old Brazilian Molosser bitch was attended presenting double firm and tubular mass protruding through the vulva. The patient gave birth to five live pups, the last two of which needed to be pulled. Two days after parturition, she had abdominal contraction when a mass protruded from the vagina. A total uterine prolapse was diagnosed, since both uterine horns were found exposed and inverted, with exposition of the endometrium and the areas of placental implantation, together with the body of the uterus. The tissue was apparently edematous and lightly parched, with the presence of strange bodies, but without signals of circulatory complications or lacerations that could turn a possible reduction and maintenance of the uterus unfeasible. Due to interest of the tutor in preserving the reproductive ability, an internal reduction via ventral medial celiotomy and the fixation of the uterus in the lateral abdominal wall (hysteropexy) was chosen in order to diminish the possibility of relapse in future parturition.Discussion: The definitive treatment of the uterine prolapse can be realized through ovariohysterectomy when the exposed uterine tissue is highly compromised or there is vessel rupture or no reproductive purpose for the female. The amputation of everted tissue through the vulva is also an option, but the risk of intracavitary bleeding during tissue resection must be considered when the uterine and ovarian artery and vein escape to the interior of the abdomen without according hemostasis. In cases which there are no complications of the prolapsed tissue and is desired to maintain the reproductive ability of the female, the internal reduction with hysteropexy is recommended. As the etiology of the uterine prolapse is a condition bound to several factors, in between them multiple pregnancies, relaxation of the uterine ligaments and genetic factors, conditions which can be associated to the cause of the prolapse in the mentioned patient, the hysteropexy was preferred as a complementary technique to uterine preservation and prevention of the prolapse relapse in a possible new parturition. In this case, the reduction of prolapse followed by hysteropexy was preferred, because the female dog was apparently well, without signs of complication of the prolapsed tissue and with satisfactory preoperative evaluation. Adding these to the request of the tutor in maintaining the reproductive ability of the female, since the procedure would not pose as a life risk to it. The absence of severe lacerations and circulatory complications in the prolapsed uterus of the bitch under study and the non-detection of toxemia and septicemia corroborated to the reduction and preservation of the uterus. Even though the uterine prolapse is a rare disease, it is necessary to improve surgical techniques that enable the conservation of the female dog in reproduction. In situations of viability of the prolapsed tissue, the technique of hysteropexy in abdominal wall showed itself effective, concluding that hysteropexy is feasible and efficient as a complementary procedure to the reduction of uterine prolapse, having contributed to avoid relapse and maintaining the reproductive of the subject related in this article

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Avaliação clínica, histopatológica e imunohistoquímica de córneas tratadas por ceratoplastia com membrana amniótica xenógena a fresco e conservada em glicerina. Estudo experimental em coelhos

O presente estudo foi empreendido com o objetivo de estabelecer a cinética da resposta inflamatória e conhecer os mecanismos envolvidos na reparação de córneas tratadas por ceratoplastia utilizando, como método experimental, o emprego de membrana amniótica xenógena a fresco e conservada em glicerina no recobrimento de úlceras experimentais. Para o desenvolvimento da metodologia proposta utilizou-se 70 coelhos, os quais foram distribuídos em 5 grupos experimentais. Os animais foram avaliados por 21 dias, período durante o qual observou-se fenômenos relacionados à resposta inflamatória local, como dor, edema de córnea e conjuntiva, hiperemia conjuntival, além dos fenômenos relacionados à reparação da córnea, como a infiltração vascular e epitelização da úlcera experimentalmente criada. Para tanto, os olhos foram avaliados através de exame clínico oftalmológico, estudo histopatológico e reação imunohistoquímica, através da qual pesquisou-se a presença de linfócitos T na intimidade do tecido corneano. A avaliação clínica revelou que a membrana amniótica xenógena conservada em glicerina estimulou uma resposta inflamatória aguda maior que a membrana aplicada a fresco. A análise histopatológica indicou que ambas se comportaram de forma bastante semelhante a partir da 1a semana de pós-operatório, apresentando as alterações clássicas da resposta inflamatória da córnea, com o predomínio de infiltrado do tipo polimorfonuclear. Os fenômenos de reparação também evoluíram respeitando os padrões normais para ambos os tratamentos, tendo sido observado, porém, que a epitelização do defeito foi mais rápida nas córneas que receberam o enxerto de membrana a fresco. A aplicação da técnica de imunohistoquímica indicou que em nenhum momento de observação houve a migração de linfócitos T para o... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)