Redefining the Nature of Logging Towns: The First and Second Phases in the Evolution of Tomahawk, Wisconsin, 1886-1940

This paper examines the early history of the city of Tomahawk, Wisconsin, a settlement in the north-central part of the state that was originally founded as a logging town. The typical life cycle of a logging town in the late 19th and early 20th centuries involved a miniature population boom as the mills came followed by up to a couple decades of furious logging and prosperity (depending on the size of the forested areas nearby). Usually, though, after the logging industry would leave as abruptly as it came once the trees thinned out, leaving these towns devoid of an economic function; there was little the towns could do to survive and they often vanished. The analysis in this paper focuses primarily on the economic (side industries such as a tannery, metal works, and shoe company) and social developments (largely through city planning efforts) that took place in the city of Tomahawk between 1886 and the end of the Second World War, proposing that the evolution that occurred during this time period enabled the city to survive and prosper long after the bulk of the saw and paper mills had left the area

Becoming Locals : Place-Making and the Hmong in Eau Claire, Wisconsin

Color poster with text, maps, and photographs.Since they first began arriving in the United States in the late 1970s, Hmong refugees have established numerous communities across Wisconsin and Minnesota. Though immigration from Southeast Asia continues, the Hmong community is well-established as first- and second-generation Hmong-Americans participate in community and local place-making. This study examines the incorporation of immigrants into the non-immigrant host community in Eau Claire County.University of Wisconsin--Eau Claire Office of Research and Sponsored Program

Clinical and genetic characteristics of late-onset Huntington's disease

Background: The frequency of late-onset Huntington's disease (>59 years) is assumed to be low and the clinical course milder. However, previous literature on late-onset disease is scarce and inconclusive. Objective: Our aim is to study clinical characteristics of late-onset compared to common-onset HD patients in a large cohort of HD patients from the Registry database. Methods: Participants with late- and common-onset (30–50 years)were compared for first clinical symptoms, disease progression, CAG repeat size and family history. Participants with a missing CAG repeat size, a repeat size of ≤35 or a UHDRS motor score of ≤5 were excluded. Results: Of 6007 eligible participants, 687 had late-onset (11.4%) and 3216 (53.5%) common-onset HD. Late-onset (n = 577) had significantly more gait and balance problems as first symptom compared to common-onset (n = 2408) (P <.001). Overall motor and cognitive performance (P <.001) were worse, however only disease motor progression was slower (coefficient, −0.58; SE 0.16; P <.001) compared to the common-onset group. Repeat size was significantly lower in the late-onset (n = 40.8; SD 1.6) compared to common-onset (n = 44.4; SD 2.8) (P <.001). Fewer late-onset patients (n = 451) had a positive family history compared to common-onset (n = 2940) (P <.001). Conclusions: Late-onset patients present more frequently with gait and balance problems as first symptom, and disease progression is not milder compared to common-onset HD patients apart from motor progression. The family history is likely to be negative, which might make diagnosing HD more difficult in this population. However, the balance and gait problems might be helpful in diagnosing HD in elderly patients