Développement et fonctionnement des mécanismes de résonance motrice chez l'humain

La découverte dans le cerveau du singe macaque de cellules visuo-motrices qui répondent de façon identique à la production et la perception d’actes moteurs soutient l’idée que ces cellules, connues sous le nom de neurones-miroirs, encoderaient la représentation d’actes moteurs. Ces neurones, et le système qu’ils forment, constitueraient un système de compréhension moteur; par delà la simple représentation motrice, il est également possible que ce système participe à des processus de haut niveau en lien avec la cognition sociale. Chez l’humain adulte, des études d’imagerie récentes montrent d’importants chevauchements entre les patrons d’activité liés à l’exécution d’actes moteurs et ceux associés à la perception d’actions. Cependant, malgré le nombre important d’études sur ce système de résonance motrice, étonnamment peu se sont penchées sur les aspects développementaux de ce mécanisme, de même que sa relation avec certaines habiletés sociales dans la population neurotypique. De plus, malgré l’utilisation répandue de certaines techniques neurophysiologiques pour quantifier l’activité de ce système, notamment l’électroencéphalographie et la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne, on ignore en grande partie la spécificité et la convergence de ces mesures dans l’étude des processus de résonance motrice. Les études rassemblées ici visent à combler ces lacunes, c'est-à-dire (1) définir l’existence et les propriétés fonctionnelles du système de résonance motrice chez l’enfant humain, (2) établir le lien entre ce système et certaines habiletés sociales spécifiques et (3) déterminer la validité des outils d’investigation couramment utilisés pour mesurer son activité. Dans l’article 1, l’électroencéphalographie quantitative est utilisée afin de mesurer l’activité des régions sensorimotrices chez un groupe d’enfants d’âge scolaire durant la perception d’actions de la main. On y démontre une modulation de l’activité du rythme mu aux sites centraux non seulement lors de l’exécution de tâches motrices, mais également lors de l’observation passive d’actions. Ces résultats soutiennent l’hypothèse de l’existence d’un système de résonance motrice sensible aux représentations visuelles d’actes moteurs dans le cerveau immature. L’article 2 constitue une étude de cas réalisée chez une jeune fille de 12 ans opérée pour épilepsie réfractaire aux médicaments. L’électroencéphalographie intracrânienne est utilisée afin d’évaluer le recrutement du cortex moteur lors de la perception de sons d’actions. On y montre une modulation de l’activité du cortex moteur, visible dans deux périodes distinctes, qui se reflètent par une diminution de la puissance spectrale des fréquences beta et alpha. Ces résultats soutiennent l’hypothèse de l’existence d’un système de résonance motrice sensible aux représentations auditives d’actions chez l’enfant. L’article 3 constitue une recension des écrits portant sur les données comportementales et neurophysiologiques qui suggèrent la présence d’un système de compréhension d’action fonctionnel dès la naissance. On y propose un modèle théorique où les comportements d’imitation néonataux sont vus comme la résultante de mécanismes d’appariement moteurs non inhibés. Afin de mesurer adéquatement la présence de traits empathiques et autistique dans le but de les mettre en relation avec l’activité du système de résonance motrice, l’article 4 consiste en une validation de versions françaises des échelles Empathy Quotient (Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004) et Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) qui seront utilisées dans l’article 5. Les versions traduites de ces échelles ont été administrées à 100 individus sains et 23 personnes avec un trouble du spectre autistique. Les résultats répliquent fidèlement ceux obtenus avec les questionnaires en version anglaise, ce qui suggère la validité des versions françaises. Dans l’article 5, on utilise la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne afin d’investiguer le décours temporel de l’activité du cortex moteur durant la perception d’action et le lien de cette activité avec la présence de traits autistiques et empathiques chez des individus normaux. On y montre que le cortex moteur est rapidement activé suivant la perception d’un mouvement moteur, et que cette activité est corrélée avec les mesures sociocognitives utilisées. Ces résultats suggèrent l’existence d’un système d’appariement moteur rapide dans le cerveau humain dont l’activité est associée aux aptitudes sociales. L’article 6 porte sur la spécificité des outils d’investigation neurophysiologique utilisés dans les études précédentes : la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne et l’électroencéphalographie quantitative. En utilisant ces deux techniques simultanément lors d’observation, d’imagination et d’exécution d’actions, on montre qu’elles évaluent possiblement des processus distincts au sein du système de résonance motrice. En résumé, cette thèse vise à documenter l’existence d’un système de résonance motrice chez l’enfant, d’établir le lien entre son fonctionnement et certaines aptitudes sociales et d’évaluer la validité et la spécificité des outils utilisés pour mesurer l’activité au sein de ce système. Bien que des recherches subséquentes s’avèrent nécessaires afin de compléter le travail entamé ici, les études présentées constituent une avancée significative dans la compréhension du développement et du fonctionnement du système de résonance motrice, et pourraient éventuellement contribuer à l’élaboration d’outils diagnostiques et/ou de thérapeutiques chez des populations où des anomalies de ce système ont été répertoriées.The discovery of cells in the macaque brain that respond both to action production and perception brings support to the hypothesis that these mirror-neurons (MN) code for the representation of action. These cells, and the system they form (the so-called mirror neuron system; MNS), appear to underlie action understanding by simulating the perceived action into the observer’s brain. Beyond simple action understanding, it has been suggested that this system contributes to higher-order processes related to social cognition. In human adults, recent imaging studies have shown important ovelaps in the activity patterns during both action production and execution, supporting the existence of a system similar to that shown in monkeys. However, surprisingly few studies have investigated the presence and the development of the MNS in the human child, and its relationship with socio-cognitive abilities in healthy individuals. Moreover, we still ignore the specificity of measures widely used to assess this system. The studies that follow aim at clarifying these issues. More specifically, the main objectives of this work are to : (1) establish the existence and the properties of motor resonance mechanisms in children; (2) clarify the relationship between activity of the MNS and social abilities in healthy individuals; and (3) determine the specificity of neurophysiological tools widely used to measure MNS activity in humans. In the first article, quantitative electroencephalography is used to assess the activity of sensorimotor regions in a group of school-age children during the observation of simple hand movements. We show a modulation of mu rhtyhm activity at central sites not only during motor production, but also during passive action observation. These results support the existence of an action-execution pairing system sensitive to visual actions in the immature brain. In the second article, we present an experiment conducted in a 12 year-old child undergoing presurgical monitoring for intractable epilepsy. Intracranial electroencephalography is used to assess motor cortex involvement in the perception of action-related sounds. We show a modulation of motor cortex activity at two distinct time-periods in the alpha and beta bands. These results suggest the presence of a motor matching system sensitive to auditory stimuli in the child’s brain. In the third article, we present an overview of behavioral and neurophysiological data supporting the idea that an action-understanding system is present from birth in humans. We propose a theoretical model whereby neonatal imitation is the result on an uninhibited motor resonance system. In order to adequatly measure the presence of empathic and autistic traits in healhy individuals to assess their link with motor resonance, article 4 consists of a french validation of questionnaires used in the fifth article, the Empathy Quotient (Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004) and the Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001). Translated versions of these scales were administered to 100 healthy adults and 23 individuals with autistic spectrum disorders. Our results replicate faithfully those obtained with the original version of the scales. In the fifth article, transcranial magnetic stimulation is used to assess the timecourse of motor cortex activity during action observation, as well as its relationship with empthic and autistic traits in healthy individuals. We show that the motor cortex is rapidly modulated following movement onset, and that its activity correlates with specific socio-cognitives measures. These results suggest the presence of a rapid mechanism taking place in the motor resonance system that is related to social ability. The sixth acticle aims at clarifying the specificity of the neurophysiological tools used in the preceeding studies to quantify MNS, namely transcranial magnetic stimulation and quantitative electroencephalography. Using both techniques simultaneously during action observation, imagination and execution, we show that these measures capture different aspects of motor resonance. In summary, this thesis aims at documenting the existence of a motor resonance mechanism in children, establishing the relationship between MNS activity and socio-cognitive traits and assessing the specificity of the measures used to quantify activity within this system. Although further studies are needed to complete the task begun here, these studies contribute significantly to our understanding of the development and function of motor resonance mechanism is humans. In the long run, they could contribute to the elaboration of diagnostic markers, and ultimately therapeutic targets, in clinical populations where abnormalities of this system have been documented

Aeroelastic-tailoring of a wind-tunnel model for passive alleviation of static and dynamic loads

Composite materials allow to tailor the elastic properties of a structure. In aeroelasticity, this opens up the possibility to passively enhance the coupled aerostructural characteristics. In this work, the design of a composite wing is addressed with the aim to alleviate static and dynamic aeroelastic loads; these two objectives are quantified by the root-bending-moment in a high load-factor condition and the deformation amplitude of the wing under gust. A two-step approach of the optimal design of the structure is adopted. A Pareto front is computed via an aeroelastic model of the wing; the aerodynamic loads are modelled, depending on the load-case, either via the DLM or the RANS equations. The best-compromise design is chosen via a criterion based on the jig-shape and, finally, the stacking-sequences are computed via a specialised evolutionary algorithm

Influence of the X-chromosome on neuroanatomy: evidence from Turner and Klinefelter syndromes.

Studies of sex effects on neurodevelopment have traditionally focused on animal models investigating hormonal influences on brain anatomy. However, more recent evidence suggests that sex chromosomes may also have direct upstream effects that act independently of hormones. Sex chromosome aneuploidies provide ideal models to examine this framework in humans, including Turner syndrome (TS), where females are missing one X-chromosome (45X), and Klinefelter syndrome (KS), where males have an additional X-chromosome (47XXY). As these disorders essentially represent copy number variants of the sex chromosomes, investigation of brain structure across these disorders allows us to determine whether sex chromosome gene dosage effects exist. We used voxel-based morphometry to investigate this hypothesis in a large sample of children in early puberty, to compare regional gray matter volumes among individuals with one (45X), two (typically developing 46XX females and 46XY males), and three (47XXY) sex chromosomes. Between-group contrasts of TS and KS groups relative to respective sex-matched controls demonstrated highly convergent patterns of volumetric differences with the presence of an additional sex chromosome being associated with relatively decreased parieto-occipital gray matter volume and relatively increased temporo-insular gray matter volumes. Furthermore, z-score map comparisons between TS and KS cohorts also suggested that this effect occurs in a linear dose-dependent fashion. We infer that sex chromosome gene expression directly influences brain structure in children during early stages of puberty, extending our understanding of genotype-phenotype mechanisms underlying sex differences in the brain

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Malaria in a Representative Sample of Childbearing Women in Kigali, Rwanda

In 1986-1987 a consecutive sample of 3702 women presenting to prenatal and pediatric clinics at the only hospital in Kigali, Rwanda, was screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria infection. The prevalence of HIV antibodies was 29%, and that of malaria parasites was 9%. HIV antibodies were more prevalent in women from the urban center than in those from the outskirts (31% vs. 20%, P < .001), and malaria parasites showed the opposite prevalence pattern (8% vs. 15%, P < .001); after stratifying by location, there was no association between HIV and the presence or degree of malaria parasitemia. HIV prevalence was 45% in women who had received a blood transfusion between 1980-1985 (before screening of donated blood began), and 28% among the great majority (94%) who had never been transfused. HIV prevalence was 44% in single mothers, 34% in women in common law unions, and 20% in those in legal marriages. These high rates of infection in the general population of Kigali highlight the need to develop effective programs for preventing further spread of sexually transmitted HI

La hernie inguinale acquise chez le cheval: Etude rétrosepctive multicentrique de 48 cas entre 2005 et 2010.

peer reviewe

Influence of Processing Pipeline on Cortical Thickness Measurement

In recent years, replicability of neuroscientific findings, specifically those concerning correlates of morphological properties of gray matter (GM), have been subject of major scrutiny. Use of different processing pipelines and differences in their estimates of the macroscale GM may play an important role in this context. To address this issue, here, we investigated the cortical thickness estimates of three widely used pipelines. Based on analyses in two independent large-scale cohorts, we report high levels of within-pipeline reliability of the absolute cortical thickness-estimates and comparable spatial patterns of cortical thickness-estimates across all pipelines. Within each individual, absolute regional thickness differed between pipelines, indicating that in-vivo thickness measurements are only a proxy of actual thickness of the cortex, which shall only be compared within the same software package and thickness estimation technique. However, at group level, cortical thickness-estimates correlated strongly between pipelines, in most brain regions. The smallest between-pipeline correlations were observed in para-limbic areas and insula. These regions also demonstrated the highest interindividual variability and the lowest reliability of cortical thickness-estimates within each pipeline, suggesting that structural variations within these regions should be interpreted with caution

Occlusion of LTP-Like Plasticity in Human Primary Motor Cortex by Action Observation

Passive observation of motor actions induces cortical activity in the primary motor cortex (M1) of the onlooker, which could potentially contribute to motor learning. While recent studies report modulation of motor performance following action observation, the neurophysiological mechanism supporting these behavioral changes remains to be specifically defined. Here, we assessed whether the observation of a repetitive thumb movement – similarly to active motor practice – would inhibit subsequent long-term potentiation-like (LTP) plasticity induced by paired-associative stimulation (PAS). Before undergoing PAS, participants were asked to either 1) perform abductions of the right thumb as fast as possible; 2) passively observe someone else perform thumb abductions; or 3) passively observe a moving dot mimicking thumb movements. Motor evoked potentials (MEP) were used to assess cortical excitability before and after motor practice (or observation) and at two time points following PAS. Results show that, similarly to participants in the motor practice group, individuals observing repeated motor actions showed marked inhibition of PAS-induced LTP, while the “moving dot” group displayed the expected increase in MEP amplitude, despite differences in baseline excitability. Interestingly, LTP occlusion in the action-observation group was present even if no increase in cortical excitability or movement speed was observed following observation. These results suggest that mere observation of repeated hand actions is sufficient to induce LTP, despite the absence of motor learning

Vascular and blood-brain barrier-related changes underlie stress responses and resilience in female mice and depression in human tissue

Prevalence, symptoms, and treatment of depression suggest that major depressive disorders (MDD) present sex differences. Social stress-induced neurovascular pathology is associated with depressive symptoms in male mice; however, this association is unclear in females. Here, we report that chronic social and subchronic variable stress promotes blood-brain barrier (BBB) alterations in mood-related brain regions of female mice. Targeted disruption of the BBB in the female prefrontal cortex (PFC) induces anxiety- and depression-like behaviours. By comparing the endothelium cell-specific transcriptomic profiling of the mouse male and female PFC, we identify several pathways and genes involved in maladaptive stress responses and resilience to stress. Furthermore, we confirm that the BBB in the PFC of stressed female mice is leaky. Then, we identify circulating vascular biomarkers of chronic stress, such as soluble E-selectin. Similar changes in circulating soluble E-selectin, BBB gene expression and morphology can be found in blood serum and postmortem brain samples from women diagnosed with MDD. Altogether, we propose that BBB dysfunction plays an important role in modulating stress responses in female mice and possibly MDD

Jean-Francois Lepage's Quick Files

The Quick Files feature was discontinued and it’s files were migrated into this Project on March 11, 2022. The file URL’s will still resolve properly, and the Quick Files logs are available in the Project’s Recent Activity

Caractérisation de la nature des particules transportées lors des étiages du Rhône

Les études menées sur le Rhône soulignent que, dans le contexte actuel de changement climatique, les situations de faible débit et d’étiage seront probablement de plus en plus fréquentes sur l’ensemble de son bassin. Lors de ces périodes de faibles débits, les concentrations de certains contaminants (métaux, mercure et radionucléides) dans les particules en suspension ont tendance à augmenter, dépassant parfois les seuils de toxicité. Les raisons pouvant expliquer ces observations restent inconnues, mais pourraient être liées à la nature des matières en suspension dont la proportion en matière organique autochtone est plus élevée qu’à débit plus fort. De plus, la variation des proportions des principaux stérols démontre un contraste quant à l’origine de cette matière organique entre certains affluents (Ardèche et Durance) et le Rhône