An investigation of the Knudsen limiting law of thermal transpiration

Ph.D.George A. Mille

Rhetoric and Nymphaea in the Roman Empire

Sich mit der Entstehung der monumentalen Nymphäen zu beschäftigen, ist eine angenehme Aufgabe. Diese riesigen, reich dekorierten öffentlichen Brunnen erschienen im späten 1. Jh. n.Chr. im westlichen Kleinasien, verbreiteten sich im 2. Jh. durch Kleinasien in die Levante und lassen sich im frühen 3. Jh. auch in Rom und in Nordafrika nachweisen. Im Beitrag wird die These vertreten, dass diese Brunnen ein Resultat und Symptom von Veränderungen in der Erziehung der Eliten darstellen; denn Rhetoriklehrer hatten das Städtelob in einer solchen Formel kanonisiert, als ob die Städte Personen wären. Diese Formel beeinflusste wiederum, wie sich Euergeten und die Mitglieder der Stadträte ihre Städte vorstellten. Die Herausforderung, Städte anhand dieser etwas artifiziellen Vorgaben zu preisen, übersteigerte die Bedeutung, den die rhetorisch geschulte herrschende Bürgerschicht der Wasserversorgung der Stadt zumaß. In der Konsequenz begannen diejenigen, die eine derartige Erziehung erhalten hatten, solche Bauwerke zu errichten, sowie miteinander und mit anderen Städten darin zu wetteifern, wer den Wasserüberfluss der eigenen Stadt am besten zur Schau stellen konnte.It is pleasant to contemplate the genesis of monumental nymphaea, the huge, highly decorated public fountains that appeared in western Asia Minor in the late first century AD, spread through Asia Minor and into the Levant in the second, and from the early third century are found in Rome and North Africa. The argument here is that such fountains are a result and symptom of a change in élite education, consequent upon the canonization by teachers of rhetoric of a formula for praising cities as if they were persons, a formula that in turn influenced how civic benefactors and members of city councils imagined their cities. The challenge presented by praising cities according to this somewhat contrived prescription exaggerated the importance that the rhetorically educated civic ruling strata attributed to civic water-supply, and thus those in receipt of such education began to build structures, and compete with each other and other cities in building structures, that boasted the abundance of their city’s water.tbaIl est agréable de contempler la genèse des nymphées monumentaux, ces immenses fontaines publiques hautement décorées. Elles apparaissent en Asie mineure occidentale à la fin du Ier siècle après J.-C., se répandent en Asie mineure et au Levant au cours du IIe siècle et se retrouvent à Rome et en Afrique du nord dès le début du IIIe siècle. Le propos ici présenté soutient que ces fontaines étaient le résultat et un symptôme d’un changement dans l’éducation de l’élite, conséquence de la canonisation par les enseignants d’une formule pour honorer les cités en tant que personnes. Cette formule influença la façon dont les bienfaiteurs et les membres des conseils civiques se représentaient leurs cités. Le défi engendré par cette pratique quelque peu excentrique exagéra l’importance que la strate dirigeante, éduquée à la rhétorique, attribua à l’approvisionnement en eau. De ce fait, les bénéficiaires d’une telle éducation entreprirent la construction de structures relatives au ravitaillement en eau et rivalisèrent les uns avec les autres ainsi qu’avec d’autres cités dans l’édification de monuments qui vantaient l’abondance de l’eau dans leur cité.tb

Characterization of the IFN-γ T-cell responses to immediate early antigens in humans with genital herpes

BACKGROUND: The IFN-γ ELISPOT assay has been used to examine the T-cell repertoire for many disease states in humans but, as yet, not genital herpes. Using overlapping synthetic peptide libraries, an IFN-γ ELISPOT assay was established that could measure CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses to HSV-2 antigens in patients with genital herpes. RESULTS: In unexpanded T-cells isolated from peripheral blood, CD4 responses were readily measured against four immediate early antigens (ICP0, ICP4, ICP22 and ICP27), VP22 and gD. The CD4 responses were characterized by a low number of positive cells which produced large ELISPOTs. CD4 responses had a broad specificity and within individual patients several of the test antigens were recognized. In contrast, CD8 responses were found only in approximately 50% of patients and were typically specific to a single antigen. When disease status and immune responses were compared, an enhanced CD4 response to ICP4 in patients with a low recurrence rate was found. The ICP4 response was striking in three HSV-1 single positive genital herpes patients. CONCLUSION: The survey of T-cell responses is an important step to understand the host cellular immune response in individuals with genital herpes. The assay described here has the capability of measuring CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses that may be used to correlate disease status with specific immune responses. In an evaluation of 18 subjects a trend of positive responses to an immediate early protein, ICP4, was found in individuals that had a low rate of disease recurrence

Vegetation changes in the Lake Mamsin area, Saruwaged Plateau, New Guinea. American Museum novitates ; no. 2628

9 p. : ill., map ; 26 cm.Includes bibliographical references (p. 9)."Fossil leaf remains in ca. 5700-year-old lake deposits in the glacial Lake Mamsin (Guam) on rhe Saruwaged Plateau of New Guinea are compared with the floras of present-day grass-heath and forest in the area. The fossil flora is dominated by a broadleaf podocarp of the type now occurring at least 500 m. below the elevation of the lake (3500 m.). Fires of native origin are the most likely cause of the replacement of the former forest by grass-heath around the lake, but subsequently there may have been a cold phase ending about 2600 years ago which depressed the potential upper limit of the podocarp forest"--P. [1]

Volumetric quantification of fibrous caps using intravascular optical coherence tomography

The rupture of thin-cap fibroatheroma accounts for most acute coronary events. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) allows quantification of fibrous cap (FC) thickness in vivo. Conventional manual analysis, by visually determining the thinnest part of the FC is subject to inter-observer variability and does not capture the 3-D morphology of the FC. We propose and validate a computer-aided method that allows volumetric analysis of FC. The radial FC boundary is semi-automatically segmented using a dynamic programming algorithm. The thickness at every point of the FC boundary, along with 3-D morphology of the FC, can be quantified. The method was validated against three experienced OCT image analysts in 14 lipid-rich lesions. The proposed method may advance our understanding of the mechanisms behind plaque rupture and improve disease management