1,447 research outputs found
The Cost of Costing Treatments Incorrectly: Errors in the Application of Drug Prices in Economic Evaluation Due to Failing to Account for the Distribution of Patient Weight
AbstractBackgroundThe cost of pharmaceuticals dosed by weight or body surface area (BSA) can be estimated in several ways for economic evaluations. A review of 20 recent National Institute for Health and Care Excellence appraisals showed that 17 of them took the mean weight or BSA of patients, 2 costed the individual patient data from trials, and 2 fitted a distribution to patient-level data.ObjectivesTo investigate the estimated drug costs using different methodologies to account for patient characteristics for pharmaceuticals with a weight- or BSA-based posology. The secondary objective was to explore the suitability of general population data as a proxy for patient-level data.MethodsPatient-level data were pooled from three clinical trials and used to calculate a hypothetical cost per administration of eight licensed pharmaceuticals, applying the three methods used in recent National Institute for Health and Care Excellence appraisals. The same analysis was performed using data from the Health Survey for England (in place of patient-level data) to investigate the validity of using general population data as a substitute for patient-level data.ResultsCompared with using patient-level data from clinical trials, the mean patient characteristics (weight or BSA) led to an underestimation of drug cost by 6.1% (range +1.5% to −25.5%). Fitting a distribution to patient-level data led to a mean difference of +0.04%. All estimates were consistent using general population data.ConclusionsEstimation of drug costs in health economic evaluation should account for the distribution in weight or BSA to produce accurate results. When patient data are not available, general population data may be used as an alternative
Incidence and risk factor study of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections in children: a six-year experience in a single center
Nonabelian D-branes and Noncommutative Geometry
We discuss the nonabelian world-volume action which governs the dynamics of N
coincident Dp-branes. In this theory, the branes' transverse displacements are
described by matrix-valued scalar fields, and so this is a natural physical
framework for the appearance of noncommutative geometry. One example is the
dielectric effect by which Dp-branes may be polarized into a noncommutative
geometry by external fields. Another example is the appearance of
noncommutative geometries in the description of intersecting D-branes of
differing dimensions, such as D-strings ending on a D3- or D5-brane. We also
describe the related physics of giant gravitons.Comment: 21 pages, Latex, ref. adde
DLCQ String Spectrum from SYM Theory
We study non planar corrections to the spectrum of operators in the
supersymmetric Yang Mills theory which are dual to string
states in the maximally supersymmetric pp-wave background with a {\em compact}
light-cone direction. The existence of a positive definite discrete light-cone
momentum greatly simplifies the operator mixing problem. We give some examples
where the contribution of all orders in non-planar diagrams can be found
analytically. On the string theory side this corresponds to finding the
spectrum of a string state to all orders in string loop corrections.Comment: 35 pages, no figure
Three-Point Functions in N=4 SYM Theory at One-Loop
We analyze the one-loop correction to the three-point function coefficient of
scalar primary operators in N=4 SYM theory. By applying constraints from the
superconformal symmetry, we demonstrate that the type of Feynman diagrams that
contribute depends on the choice of renormalization scheme. In the planar
limit, explicit expressions for the correction are interpreted in terms of the
hamiltonians of the associated integrable closed and open spin chains. This
suggests that at least at one-loop, the planar conformal field theory is
integrable with the anomalous dimensions and OPE coefficients both obtainable
from integrable spin chain calculations. We also connect the planar results
with similar structures found in closed string field theory.Comment: 34 pages, 9 figures, harvmac; references adde
Superstrings and D-branes in A Plane Wave
We carefully analyze the supersymmetry algebra of closed strings and open
strings in a type IIB plane wave background. We use eight component chiral
spinors, SO(8) Majorana-Weyl spinors, in light-cone gauge to provide a useful
basis of string field theory calculation in the plane wave. We consider the two
classes of D-branes, -branes, and give a worldsheet derivation of
conserved supercurrents for all half BPS D-branes preserving 16 supersymmetries
in the type IIB plane wave background. We exhaustively provide the
supersymmetry algebra of the half BPS branes as well. We also point out that
the supersymmetry algebra distinguishes the two SO(4) directions with relative
sign which is consistent with the Z_2 symmetry of the string action.Comment: v4: 28 pages, Latex, Worldsheet derivation of conserved supercurrents
for all half BPS D-branes newly added, improved presentation and typo
Chiral primary cubic interactions from pp-wave supergravity
We explicitly construct cubic interaction light-cone Hamiltonian for the
chiral primary system involving the metric fields and the self-dual four-form
fields in the IIB pp-wave supergravity. The background fields representing
pp-waves exhibit SO(4)*SO(4)*Z_2 invariance. It turns out that the interaction
Hamiltonian is precisely the same as that for the dilaton-axion system, except
for the fact that the chiral primary system fields have the opposite parity to
that of the dilaton-axion fields under the Z_2 transformation that exchanges
two SO(4)'s.Comment: 14 pages, A few comments are adde
Stunting, IQ, and final school attainment in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey birth cohort
School attainment is an important aspect of human capital, and a key determinant of long-term health and well-being. Early life deprivation and poor nutritional status are well known predictors of school entry and progression. We examine the persistence of early life influences and subsequent socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) across the multiple school continuation decisions that lead to final school attainment. Using data from a Philippine birth cohort followed for 35 years, we model 6 continuation decisions: Did not complete elementary school, elementary graduate only (completed grade 6), some secondary schooling, high school graduate, some postsecondary schooling, and college graduate, as well as total years of schooling. We estimate the association of school attainment with early life length for age Z-score (LAZ at 2 years of age) and cognitive development (IQ) as well as underlying indicators of SED and other family influences through early adulthood. The analysis sample includes >1900 participants in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Females completed, on average, one year more schooling than males, and twice as many females as males were college graduates (29.1 vs 15.0 %). LAZ and one standard deviation of IQ were each independently associated with 0.4 more years of attained schooling. A path model demonstrated strong direct associations of SED with years of schooling as well as indirect associations through LAZ and IQ. Sequential logits used to estimate continuing education decisions show persistent associations of early life LAZ and IQ and schooling even after accounting for changing SED of households over the schooling life course. Filipino parents had high but often unmet educational aspirations for their children because of the child's loss of interest in school and perceived financial barriers. Results further emphasize the importance of early life SED as a key risk factor for suboptimal school attainment
Fermion Representation Of The Rolling Tachyon Boundary Conformal Field Theory
A free fermion representation of the rolling tachyon boundary conformal field
theory is constructed. The representation is used to obtain an explicit,
compact, exact expression for the boundary state. We use the boundary state to
compute the disc and cylinder amplitudes for the half-S-brane.Comment: 27 page
Geometry of manifolds with area metric: multi-metric backgrounds
We construct the differential geometry of smooth manifolds equipped with an
algebraic curvature map acting as an area measure. Area metric geometry
provides a spacetime structure suitable for the discussion of gauge theories
and strings, and is considerably more general than Lorentzian geometry. Our
construction of geometrically relevant objects, such as an area metric
compatible connection and derived tensors, makes essential use of a
decomposition theorem due to Gilkey, whereby we generate the area metric from a
finite collection of metrics. Employing curvature invariants for multi-metric
backgrounds we devise a class of gravity theories with inherently stringy
character, and discuss gauge matter actions.Comment: 34 pages, REVTeX4, journal versio
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