Une application de la notion d’hystérésis culturelle : "L’Âne" de Driss Chraïbi

The essay tackles the concept of ‘cultural hysteresis’ through examples drawn from "Âne" by Driss Chraïbi. This phenomenon emerges when authors belong to two different cultures (and languages): in certain situations, a word or an expression can be loaded with two different meanings that exist in the two languages and in the two corresponding cultures. The term ‘hysteresis’ is used, because if the author writes the word in the meaning number 1 (of language number 1), the meaning number 2 (of language number 2) remains latent and manifests itself later, “lagging behind” (from the Greek ‘hysteros’, “lagging behind”). The specific case taken here into consideration revolves around the situation in which a given culture, after having been permeated by another (the case of colonisation), does not regain its initial form after the withdrawal of the second one. The article examines how the fantasy aspect in Âne could be described as an effect of the ‘cultural hysteresis’

L’approche culturelle de l’enseignement du français et les pratiques enseignantes au secondaire dans le Bas-Saint-Laurent

La réforme actuelle de l’école québécoise, aussi bien au primaire qu’au secondaire, reconnaît le rôle et la place de la culture à l’école dans la formation des élèves et dans les programmes d’études. Favoriser la dimension culturelle de l’enseignement constitue un objectif primordial dans toutes les disciplines enseignées. Ainsi, chaque discipline est porteuse de culture, tant par son histoire que par les interrogations qu’elle amène et les réponses qu’elle élabore. Le présent article propose d’abord une problématique et une réflexion théorique concernant l’approche culturelle de l’enseignement. Il présente ensuite les résultats d’une recherche exploratoire sur des pratiques enseignantes s’inscrivant dans une démarche culturelle de l’enseignement au secondaire dans le Bas-Saint-Laurent.The current reforms in the Quebec school system, both at the primary and secondary level, underline the role and place of school culture in the education of students and in study programs. Promotion of the cultural dimension in teaching becomes a primary objective in all the disciplines taught. Each discipline brings its own culture ; from its historical perspective and from the questions and responses it develops. This article proposes to examine this theme and presents a theoretical discussion regarding a cultural approach in teaching. The author presents the results of an exploratory research on teacher practices within a cultural procedure for teaching at the secondary level in the Lower Saint Lawrence region.La reforma actual de la escuela quebequense, tanto en la primaria como en la secundaria, reconoce el papel y el lugar de la cultura en la escuela en la formación de los alumnos y en los programas de estudios. Fomentar la dimensión cultural de la enseñanza constituye un objetivo primordial en todas las disciplinas enseñadas. Asimismo, cada disciplina conlleva algo de cultura, tanto por su historia como por los interrogantes que suscita y las respuestas que elabora. En primer lugar, el presente artículo propone una problemática y una reflexión teórica acerca del enfoque cultural de la enseñanza. Luego presenta los resultados de una investigación exploratoria sobre algunas prácticas docentes que se inscriben en un proceso cultural de la enseñanza secundaria en la región del Bas-Saint-Laurent

Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) Induces Colitis in Mice by Forming Nano-Lipocomplexes with Medium-Chain-Length Fatty Acids in the Colon

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), primarily ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are inflammatory disorders caused by multiple factors. Research on IBD has often used the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. DSS induces in vivo but not in vitro intestinal inflammation. In addition, no DSS-associated molecule (free glucose, sodium sulfate solution, free dextran) induces in vitro or in vivo intestinal inflammation. We find that DSS but not dextran associated molecules established linkages with medium-chain-length fatty acids (MCFAs), such as dodecanoate, that are present in the colonic lumen. DSS complexed to MCFAs forms nanometer-sized vesicles ∼200 nm in diameter that can fuse with colonocyte membranes. The arrival of nanometer-sized DSS/MCFA vesicles in the cytoplasm may activate intestinal inflammatory signaling pathways. We also show that the inflammatory activity of DSS is mediated by the dextran moieties. The deleterious effect of DSS is localized principally in the distal colon, therefore it will be important to chemically modify DSS to develop materials beneficial to the colon without affecting colon-targeting specificity

Energy management for electric vehicles in smart cities: a deep learning approach

International audienceWe propose a solution for Electric Vehicle (EV) energy management in smart cities, where a deep learning approach is used to enhance the energy consumption of electric vehicles by trajectory and delay predictions. Two Recurrent Neural Networks are adapted and trained on 60 days of urban traffic. The trained networks show precise prediction of trajec-tory and delay, even for long prediction intervals. An algorithm is designed and applied on well known energy models for traction and air conditioning. We show how it can prevent from a battery exhaustion. Experimental results combining both RNN and energy models demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solution in terms of route trajectory and delay prediction, enhancing the energy managemen

Plastic architecture of bacterial genome revealed by comparative genomics of Photorhabdus variants

Background: The phenotypic consequences of large genomic architecture modifications within a clonal bacterial population are rarely evaluated because of the difficulties associated with using molecular approaches in a mixed population. Bacterial variants frequently arise among Photorhabdus luminescens, a nematode-symbiotic and insect-pathogenic bacterium. We therefore studied genome plasticity within Photorhabdus variants. Results: We used a combination of macrorestriction and DNA microarray experiments to perform a comparative genomic study of different P. luminescens TT01 variants. Prolonged culturing of TT01 strain and a genomic variant, collected from the laboratory-maintained symbiotic nematode, generated bacterial lineages composed of primary and secondary phenotypic variants and colonial variants. The primary phenotypic variants exhibit several characteristics that are absent from the secondary forms. We identify substantial plasticity of the genome architecture of some variants, mediated mainly by deletions in the 'flexible' gene pool of the TT01 reference genome and also by genomic amplification. We show that the primary or secondary phenotypic variant status is independent from global genomic architecture and that the bacterial lineages are genomic lineages. We focused on two unusual genomic changes: a deletion at a new recombination hotspot composed of long approximate repeats; and a 275 kilobase single block duplication belonging to a new class of genomic duplications. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that major genomic variations occur in Photorhabdus clonal populations. The phenotypic consequences of these genomic changes are cryptic. This study provides insight into the field of bacterial genome architecture and further elucidates the role played by clonal genomic variation in bacterial genome evolutio

Proyecto educativo para la promoción de la enseñanza de las ciencias Islámicas a través de la literatura en la educación

El presente proyecto refleja la creación de un material didáctico a través de la literatura con el fin de cubrir la necesidad que requiere la comunidad educativa islámica. Una de las propuestas, es la creación del actual proyecto que se basa en la fomentación de la lectura y dar más reconocimiento a la importancia de la literatura infantil así como la promoción del pensamiento crítico del niño o niña. En el presente documento se refleja la perspectiva de la educación desde la visión religiosa, del mismo modo la importancia de la literatura y la causa y razón de su creación, así como su beneficio. Asimismo tiene como objetivo pulir y dar a conocer la relación entre religión y literatura, entre cuestiones morales como valores educativos. Por ende, para comprender este proyecto se requiere una perspectiva objetiva.<br /

Contenus et répartition des échanges entre élèves de première année du primaire au cours de tâches d’écriture réalisées en dyade

This study aimed to compare student dyads engaged in writing tasks in terms of how the content of the exchanges and the number of interactions varied in relation to the type of grouping and the point in the school year in which the tasks were carried out. To this end, thirty dyads composed of Grade 1 elementary students with good and poor writing skill levels were observed on three occasions. The videotaped exchanges were analyzed using a grid. Results show that that there was no significant relation between the type of grouping in terms of gender and the number of interactions or the content of the exchanges. However, the subjects&rsquo; writing skill level was significantly related to the number of interactions produced by dyads and the content of their exchanges as well as the number of interactions as a function of the point in the school year.Cette &eacute;tude vise &agrave; comparer les contenus des &eacute;changes entre &eacute;l&egrave;ves travaillant en dyade ainsi que le nombre d&rsquo;interactions selon diff&eacute;rents types de regroupement et moments de l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e au cours de la r&eacute;alisation de t&acirc;ches d&rsquo;&eacute;criture. &Agrave; cet effet, trente dyades de filles et de gar&ccedil;ons de premi&egrave;re ann&eacute;e du primaire ayant un bon niveau de d&eacute;veloppement et un faible niveau de d&eacute;veloppement en &eacute;criture ont particip&eacute; &agrave; trois rencontres. Les s&eacute;quences film&eacute;es ont &eacute;t&eacute; analys&eacute;es &agrave; partir d&rsquo;une grille qui d&eacute;termine le contenu des &eacute;changes. Les r&eacute;sultats r&eacute;v&egrave;lent qu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;existe pas de rapport significatif entre la formation des dyades selon le sexe et le nombre ainsi que le contenu des &eacute;changes. Cependant, le niveau de d&eacute;veloppement des sujets en &eacute;criture s&rsquo;av&egrave;re significativement reli&eacute; au nombre d&rsquo;interactions que les dyades produisent, aux contenus de leurs &eacute;changes ainsi qu&rsquo;au nombre d&rsquo;interactions qu&rsquo;elles ont en fonction du moment de l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e

Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Clinical and Molecular Parameters in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis

Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), are inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract caused by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Murine colitis model induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) is an animal model of IBD that is commonly used to address the pathogenesis of IBD as well as to test efficacy of therapies. In this study we systematically analyzed clinical parameters, histological changes, intestinal barrier properties and cytokine profile during the colitic and recovery phase. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were administered with 3.5 % of DSS in drinking water for various times. Clinical and histological features were determined using standard criteria. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, transepithelial permeability and proinflammatory mediators were determined in whole colon or proximal and distal parts of colon. Results: As expected after administration of DSS, mice manifest loss of body weight, shortening of colon length and bloody feces. Histological manifestations included shortening and loss of crypts, infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophil, symptoms attenuated after DSS withdrawal. The MPO value, as inflammation indicator, also increases significantly at all periods of DSS treatment, and even after DSS withdrawal, it still held at very high levels. Trans-mucosal permeability increased during DSS treatment, but recovered to almost control level after DSS withdrawal. The production of proinflammatory mediators by colonic mucosa were enhanced during DSS treatment, and then recovered to pre-treate