Review of Phytochemicals and Its Biological Activities and Contemporary Nutraceuticals

Nutraceutical is food for health with functions of preventive, promotive, rehabilitation, aesthetic, intelligence to curative. Nutraceuticals as food products can have a contemporary value, which is a trend or extraordinary circumstance that attracts consumers because of its function as a supplement, functional food, medical food, and genetically engineered food so that it penetrates the world market without limits. Nutraceuticals that are contemporary make it easy to achieve the goals of health care by using the "nutraceuticals" approach because the client wishes to himself with a high level of confidence in the benefits of the product for health and therefore uses it. Potential compound for nutraceuticals is secondary metabolites because it has multipotential for health, but specific to certain functions. Secondary metabolites, generally sourced from low plants and animals, because these biological groups do not have a perfect secretion system so that metabolites resulting from secondary metabolism are stored in cells and tissues properly, with several functions, among others, for defense and attractiveness of the biological. Some of the classes and compounds of plant secondary metabolites that are known to have potential for nutraceuticals are Terpenoids, Terpenoids non-Carotenoids, Polyphenolics, Phenolic Acids, Non-Flavonoid Polyphenolics, Glucosinolates, Thiosulphinates, Phytosterols, Anthraquinones, Glucosamines, Octacosanolines, Characticines, Chines) Pectin, Pigments, Tocotrienols and Tocopherols, Ubiquinon and ?-Lipoic Acid. Furthermore, some contemporary nutraceuticals are Spiruline, Broccoli, Aloe Vera Gel and Aloe Juice, Soyfoods, Omega-3- Fatty Acids, Pomegranate Juice, Walnuts, and Organic Mushroom Nutrace

A Triterpenoid Saponin from Seeds of Kolowe (Chydenanthus excelsus).

A triterpenoid saponin have been isolated from n-butanol fraction of the seeds of kolowe (Chydenanthus excelsus). The structure was determined as 3-0-ba-D-glucopyranosyl(1-43)-fi-Dxylopyranosyl(1--,3)- /3- D-glucuronopyranosyloxyj- 22a -0-(2-methylbutiroyloxyolean-12-en-15a,16a,28-trihydroxy. Structure elucidation was accomplished by NMR (HMBC, HMQC/HSQC, ROE, ROESY, TOCSY) methods, ESIMS, and IR spectroscopic. Keywords: Chydenanthus excelsus, Lecythidaceae, Triterpenoid saponi

SENYAWA GLIKOSIDA SEBAGAI BAHAN FARMASI POTENSIAL SECARA KINETIK

Kinetika molekul xenobiotik dalam sel dipengaruhi reseptor enzim dan non-enzim serta sifat fisiko-kimia dari molekul xenobiotik dan reseptor tersebut. Sifat fisik lipiditas reseptor sangat berpengaruh terhadap kinetika sehingga berakibat pada laju molekul dalam proses pembentukan efek dinamik maupun eliminasi. Rata-rata manusia mengandung 42 liter air yang menempati 3 liter dalam darah dan 39 liter dalam sel. Aqua atau air tersebut sebagai media transport metabolisme baik itu anabolisme maupun katabolisme metabolit dalam sel. Kandungan air dalam sel menyebabkan sifat lipiditas reseptor sangat rendah atau memiliki sifat aqua sangat tinggi. Senyawa glikosida memiliki sifat sangat polar mendekati air hingga menyerupai sifat lipiditas aqua. Sifat fisika sangat polar yang dimiliki oleh senyawa glikosida mempermudah penyerapan dalam sel sehingga memiliki laju pembentukan efek dinamik maupun eliminasi yang baik. Dengan demikian senyawa glikosida sangat potensial sebagai bahan farmasi jika ditinjau dari kinetika. Kata Kunci: Senyawa Glikosida; bahan farmasi, kinetik

BEBERAPA TUMBUHAN OBAT ASAL KALIMANTAN TIMUR SEBAGAI SUMBER SAPONIN POTENSIAL

Saponin is a class of natural compounds that have activity that is strongly associated with utilization in pharmacy. Exploration has been carried out against a number of secondary metabolite content of medicinal plants in East Kalimantan and some of them found to contain saponins. Plants were found to contain saponins and are considered potential Kokang leaf (Lepisanthes amoena), Kesumbakeling leaf (Bixa orellana, L), Belimbing Wuluh leaf (Averrhoa bilimbi L.), Sugi Gadjah leaf (Hyptis capitata), Karamunting leaf (Melastoma malabathricum L), Cempedak bark (Artocarpus champeden), Wijaya Kusuma leaf (Epiphyllum oxipetalum), Langsat seeds (Lansium domesticum), ekor kucing leaf (Acalypha hispida), Kelor bark (Moringa oleifera), Jarong leaf (Stachytarpheta mutabilis), Miana leaf (Coleus atropureus), Jengger Ayam leaf (Celosia cristata), and fruit of Libo (Ficus vargelata). Key words : East borneo medicinal plants, saponins   Abstrak Saponin adalah golongan senyawa alami yang memiliki aktivitas yang sangat terkait dengan pemanfaatan dalam bidang farmasi. Telah dilakukan eksplorasi kandungan metabolit sekunder  terhadap sejumlah tumbuhan obat yang ada di Kalimantan Timur dan beberapa diantaranya terbukti mengandung saponin. Tumbuhan-tumbuhan yang terbukti mengandung sponin dan dianggap potensial adalah daun Kokang (Lepisanthes amoena), daun Kesumbakeling (Bixa orellana, L), daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.), daun Sugi Gadjah (Hyptis capitata), daun Karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum L), kulit batang Cempedak (Artocarpus champeden), daun Wijaya Kusuma (Epiphyllum oxipetalum), biji Langsat (Lansium domesticum), daun ekor kucing (Acalypha hispida), Kulit Batang Kelor (Moringa oleifera), daun Jarong (Stachytarpheta mutabilis), daun Miana (Coleus atropureus), daun Jengger Ayam (Celosia cristata), buah Libo (Ficus vargelata). Kata Kunci: Tumbuhan Obat Kaltim; Saponi

Antianemic Activity of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Haustorium Waste Filtrate in Mice Induced by Sodium Nitrite

This study aims to determine the antianemic activity of coconut haustorium (Cocos nucifera) waste against mice induced by sodium nitrite orally for 43 days. The condition of anemia was determined by calculating the hemoglobin level using the Point of Care Test (POCT) method with the easytouch® GCHb and the resulting Hb level was 7.96 ± 0.05 g/dL. After the anemia condition is achieved, the test treatment is given for 21 days by dividing the mice into four groups, each consisting of three mice. The blank group (I) was administered distilled water, the control group (II) was administered Inbion® supplements at a dose of 0.65 mg/20 g BW, groups III and IV were administered coconut haustorium filtrate at a dose of 5 and 15 g/kg, respectively. Then measured the hemoglobin level and the number of erythrocytes. Based on the results of the study, the average hemoglobin levels of the blank, control, I and II groups were 13,9; 15,4; 16,0; and 16.8 g / dL, respectively. The number of erythrocytes during anemia was 1,750,000 / mm3 and after giving coconut kentos was 8,260,000 / mm3. From this study it can be concluded that the highest anti-anemia activity showed by coconut haustorium waste filtrate at dose 15 g/kgBW and had a significant difference in hemoglobin levels (p <0.05) with the blank group

Antioxidant Activity of Some Selected East Borneo Plants

The native plants of East Borneo the Costus specious (Koening) J.E. Smith stem, Lagerstroema spesiosa Pers leaf, Cerbera mangans L leaf, Vitis trifolia L fruit., Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) Danser root, Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. leaf, Lygodium microphyllum, Bidens Chinensis Willd., Sonneratia caseolaris L. peel, Sonneratia caseolaris L. stem is almost under-explored for their potensial benefits. They were extracted by the solvents of increasing polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) were tested for their free radical activity against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The ethyl acetate extract of Costus spesiosus (Koening) J. E. Smith antioxidant were screnned concentration of 68 ppm, similarly athyl acetate extract of Vitis trivolia L., showed antioxidant activity at 64,30 ppm. As the ethyl acetate extract of Scurrulla atropurpurea (Blume), Brucea javanica (L.) Merr, Lygodium microphyllum and Sonneratia caseolaris L. stem, showed antioxidant activity at 273,52 ppm, 91,12 ppm, 17,39 ppm and 7,03 ppm. N-butanol extract of Lagerstroema spesiosa Pers, Cerbera mangans L, Bidens chinensis Willd, and Sonneratia caseolaris L. peel showed 8,37 ppm, 128,59 ppm, 18,17 ppm and 54,29 ppm antioxidant activity using DPPH model systems. Owing to the property, the studies can be further extended to exploit them for their possible application for preservation of food products as well as their use as health supplements

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN VIRTUAL LAB UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN PROSES SAINS DAN PENGUASAAN KONSEP MATERI TITRASI ASAM BASA PADA SISWA SMA TAHUN PEMBELAJARAN 2020/2021

Media pembelajaran adalah satu hal penting dalam proses belajar mengajar. Pemanfaatan teknologi masa kini menjadi salah satu pilihan dalam meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran virtual lab untuk meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains siswa dan penguasaan konsep materi titrasi asam basa pada siswa SMA yang valid, efektif, dan praktis. Model pengembangan yang digunakan adalah model 4-D (Four D Models) yang terdiri atas Define, Design, Development, dan Dessiminate. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI IPA B SMA IT Granada Samarinda. Instrumen penelitian berupa lembar validasi, soal pretest dan posttest, dan angket respon siswa. Hasil validasi media pembelajaran virtual lab titrasi asam basa oleh ahli materi, ahli IT, dan praktisi mendapat skor rata-rata 3,64 dengan kategori sangat baik. Keefektifan media didasarkan pada peningkatan keterampilan proses sains dan penguasaan konsep materi siswa yaitu pada praktikum I , II, dan III berturut-turut 71%, 80% dan 90%, serta hasil analisis pretest-posttest menunjukkan nilai N-Gain sebesar 0,71 dengan kriteria sangat efektif. Kepraktisan media berdasarkan hasil analisis angket respon siswa sebesar 3,04 dengan kriteria baik

The Effect of Papaya (Carica Papaya L.) Leaves on Adolescents with Dysmenorrhea

Papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) contain active compounds of flavonoids and alkaloids which have the function of reducing dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is a condition that occurs at any time during menstruation that experiences pain or pain in the abdominal and pelvic area so it can interfere with activities and require treatment. This study aims to determine the effect of the effectiveness of offering papaya leaf herbal drink in reducing dysmenorrhea. The research design used in this study was a pre-experimental research design with a pre-experimental test design with accidental sampling technique. Measurement of pain intensity using pain scale measurements (Pre-Test) and final pain (Post-test using a numerical rating scale, time of incidence on the first and second day of menstruation (77%), location of lower abdominal dysmenorrhea (92%), symptoms of dysmenorrhea, namely abdominal pain (75%), moderate pain scale (48%)], and treatment was resting (63%). Based on the results of the study, subjects who were given a papaya leaf herbal drink were able to reduce the pain scale of dysmenorrhea with a large difference in pain scale reduction in the treatment group of chopped papaya leaf stew by 3,2

EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BLACK BETEL LEAF (PIPER ACRE BLUME.) ESSENTIAL OILS FROM EAST KALIMANTAN

Objective: To determine the extraction technique and content of linalool, as the dominant compound, in black betel essential oil from East Kalimantan using a validated analytical method. Methods: Extraction was carried out using steam distillation. Essential oils were assessed by observing the colour and solubility in ethanol. Using an Agilent GC-MS with a 5977B (GCMSD) detector, a DB-5MS column, and a helium gas carrier of 1 ml/minute. The level of dominant compounds was determined using a validated analytical method. Results: The essential oil had characteristics that met SNI standards. Based on the results of GC-MS, the dominant compound in five samples was linalool. Validation of the analytical method was carried out with the following conditions established: injector temperature 250 °C, oven temperature 40 °C with a 2 min holding time, reaching 125 °C with a 10 min holding time, reaching 250 °C with a 2 min holding time, reaching 340 °C with a 10 min holding time. The resulted in a linearity of 0.999; a 1.637% relative standard deviation for precision; 102.27% recovery value for accuracy; 0.4% LOD; and 1.2% LOQ. The percentage linalool content of the samples was found in the sample code MADSH 4 (10.56% with a standard deviation of 0.6169). Conclusion: The steam distillation extraction method can be used to obtain essential oil with characteristics that meet SNI standards. Based on the results of GC-MS, linalool is the dominant compound, with a concentration of 10.56% found in the MADSH4 sample