The Map is Not the Territory: How South Africa Followed the Anti-Corruption Roadmap and Got Lost Along the Way

This paper charts the development of the anti-corruption roadmap and considers whether it has been effective in South Africa. Part I begins with an overview of the FCPA, the first and most influential anticorruption law. Part II reviews the multilateral treaties and conventions that proliferated in the 1990s and early 2000s and that outline the contemporary anticorruption roadmap. Part III focuses on the efforts of South Africa to follow the roadmap, and reviews the laws and institutions it established after acceding to the instruments and treaties described in Part II. Part IV looks at what happened next, summarizing four major corruption scandals that have occurred in South Africa in recent years. Part V considers those scandals through the lens of the laws and institutions designed to prevent them, and discusses why they failed to do so. This paper does not answer the question of why corruption is so hard to eradicate. Its more modest ambition is to show that laws and institutions, standing alone, are not enough

The Map is Not the Territory: How South Africa Followed the Anti-Corruption Roadmap and Got Lost Along the Way

This paper charts the development of the anti-corruption roadmap and considers whether it has been effective in South Africa. Part I begins with an overview of the FCPA, the first and most influential anticorruption law. Part II reviews the multilateral treaties and conventions that proliferated in the 1990s and early 2000s and that outline the contemporary anticorruption roadmap. Part III focuses on the efforts of South Africa to follow the roadmap, and reviews the laws and institutions it established after acceding to the instruments and treaties described in Part II. Part IV looks at what happened next, summarizing four major corruption scandals that have occurred in South Africa in recent years. Part V considers those scandals through the lens of the laws and institutions designed to prevent them, and discusses why they failed to do so. This paper does not answer the question of why corruption is so hard to eradicate. Its more modest ambition is to show that laws and institutions, standing alone, are not enough

Modeling Roman Rural Landscapes

The Department of Classical Archeology at the University of Vienna is currently investigating settlement processes and material culture in rural areas of the Roman province of Noricum by means of noninvasive survey methods. The aim is to create a new and widely accessible digital data base for different, tangible forms of rural settlement activities in the investigation area. For this purpose, individual settlements in Upper Austria were chosen as representative research areas: the surrounding area of Lauriacum / Enns as the economic hinterland of a legion camp, the hinterland of Ovilavis / Wels as a rural area around a civil-urban center, as well as sites in the Vöckla valley as a representative of the remote periphery

Archäologischer Survey in Markgrafneusiedl/NÖ

Official report about archaeological investigations regarding the presence and absence of archaeological finds and structures through intensive systematic archaeological survey

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi pre-colonisation for improving the growth and health of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)

Pre-colonisation of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) before trans-planting has been proposed as a method for protecting crops against biotic and abiotic stresses and/or increasing plant productivity. Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) production systems make AMF pre-inoculation at the weaning stage relatively straightforward for in vitro and runner-derived plantlets. Strawberry plugs were pre-inoculated with different AMF species to study (1) whether AMF could pre-colonise different strawberry cultivars under high moisture and soil-less substrate during the weaning process, (2) whether AMF could survive the required artificial freezing cold storage of strawberry plugs for several months, and (3) whether AMF could enhance plant tolerance against Verticillium dahliae, Phytophthora fragariae and P. cactorum. In addition, (4) AMF was inoculated at planting to study whether AMF could increase strawberry growth and yield when cultivated in coir, and (5) a simple in vitro autotrophic system was also designed to investigate strawberry-AMF-pathogen interactions under controlled conditions. The study demonstrated that the soil-less substrates tested and high moisture conditions during tipping did not prevent different AMF from colonising roots of strawberry plugs. Pre-inoculated AMF species could also survive cold storage at -2°C with strawberry plugs for several months. However, AMF pre-colonisation and/or AMF inoculation at planting did not increase plant tolerance against root pathogens. It was demonstrated that AMF inoculation in coir did not significantly increase plant growth and yield. Finally, micropropagated strawberry were successfully infected by P. fragariae in vitro with the corresponding disease symptoms, while V. dahlia and AMF could germinate but did not colonise the strawberry roots in the autotrophic culture system. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first research focusing on the AMF-strawberry interaction as a model system to study the possibility to pre-colonise strawberry plug materials to increase plant productivity and tolerance against major strawberry root diseases

Modelagem e simulação de um reator de dióxido de cloro

O dióxido de cloro vem conquistando um destaque no cenário global devido às suas propriedades únicas que o caracterizam como um excelente agente oxidante. Dentre suas diversas aplicações, a principal é no branqueamento de celulose devido sua alta seletividade oxidativa para a lignina, conservando assim as propriedades mecânicas da polpa. É empregado através da metodologia livre de cloro elementar (ECF — elemental chlorine free), tecnologia que domina o mercado de polpa branqueada. Para esse propósito, o dióxido de cloro é sintetizado a partir do clorato de sódio na presença de um agente redutor em meio ácido. Porém, existem diversas alternativas para a sintetização do dióxido de cloro, que serão apresentadas neste trabalho, bem como uma comparação entre processos integrados e não integrados. Embora haja diversas pesquisas sobre técnicas para tornar a produção mais eficiente e rentável, ainda é possível otimizar e buscar melhorias operacionais nesses processos produtivos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo modelar um reator contínuo de dióxido de cloro em estado estacionário, produzido a partir da rota ácido clorídrico, buscando compreender os efeitos dos principais distúrbios e das variáveis controladas sobre a produção de dióxido de cloro e cloro, um subproduto dessa rota. O modelo, elaborado no software DWSIM, foi concebido para condições operacionais de projeto. As simplificações, bem como sua validação em duas capacidades de produção distintas, serão apresentadas. Uma análise de sensibilidade será realizada a fim de observar a resposta do sistema diante das perturbações operacionais e da alteração de setpoints. Em seguida, uma discussão levando em consideração requisitos operacionais, uso racional de reagentes, segurança e produção de dióxido de cloro será apresentada.Chlorine dioxide has gained prominence on the global stage due to its unique properties that characterize it as an excellent oxidizing agent. Among the various applications, its main use is in pulp bleaching due to its high oxidative selectivity for lignin; thus preserving the mechanical properties of the pulp. It is applied by using the elemental chlorine-free method (ECF), a technology that dominates the bleached pulp market. For this purpose, chlorine dioxide is synthesized from sodium chlorate in the presence of a reducing agent and in an acid medium. However, there are several alternatives for the synthesis of chlorine dioxide, which will be presented in this paper as well as a comparison between integrated and non-integrated processes. Although there is a lot of research on techniques to make production more efficient and profitable, it is still possible to optimize and seek operational improvements in these processes. This work aims to model a continuous chlorine dioxide reactor at steady state, produced from the hydrochloric acid route, in order to understand the effects of the main disturbances and controlled variables on the production of chlorine dioxide and chlorine, a by-product of this route. The model, elaborated in the DWSIM software, was conceived for project operational conditions. Simplifications, as well as their validation in two different production capacities, will be evaluated. A sensitivity analysis will be carried out in order to observe the system's response to operational disturbances and changes of setpoints. Then, a discussion taking into account operational requirements, rational use of reagents, safety, and chlorine dioxide production will be presented

The Negro and the metropolis.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of City and Regional Planning. Thesis. 1967. Ph.D.Five unnumbered pages inserted. Vita.Bibliography: leaves 365-383.Ph.D

Automated Estimation of Plasma Temperature and Density from Emission Spectroscopy

This paper introduces a novel approach for automated estimation of plasma temperature and density using emission spectroscopy, integrating Bayesian inference with sophisticated physical models. We provide an in-depth examination of Bayesian methods applied to the complexities of plasma diagnostics, supported by a robust framework of physical and measurement models. Our methodology is validated through experimental observations, focusing on individual and sequential shot analyses. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of plasma parameter estimation, marking a significant advancement in the field of emission spectroscopy for plasma diagnostics. This study not only offers a new perspective in plasma analysis but also paves the way for further research and applications in nuclear instrumentation and related domains.Comment: 25 pages, 8 figure