Solar Occultation Satellite Data and Derived Meteorological Products: Sampling Issues and Comparisons with Aura MLS

Derived Meteorological Products (DMPs, including potential temperature (theta), potential vorticity, equivalent latitude (EqL), horizontal winds and tropopause locations) have been produced for the locations and times of measurements by several solar occultation (SO) instruments and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). DMPs are calculated from several meteorological analyses for the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment-Fourier Transform Spectrometer, Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II and III, Halogen Occultation Experiment, and Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement II and III SO instruments and MLS. Time-series comparisons of MLS version 1.5 and SO data using DMPs show good qualitative agreement in time evolution of O3, N2O, H20, CO, HNO3, HCl and temperature; quantitative agreement is good in most cases. EqL-coordinate comparisons of MLS version 2.2 and SO data show good quantitative agreement throughout the stratosphere for most of these species, with significant biases for a few species in localized regions. Comparisons in EqL coordinates of MLS and SO data, and of SO data with geographically coincident MLS data provide insight into where and how sampling effects are important in interpretation of the sparse SO data, thus assisting in fully utilizing the SO data in scientific studies and comparisons with other sparse datasets. The DMPs are valuable for scientific studies and to facilitate validation of non-coincident measurements

EOS MLS Level 2 Data Processing Software Version 3

This software accepts the EOS MLS calibrated measurements of microwave radiances products and operational meteorological data, and produces a set of estimates of atmospheric temperature and composition. This version has been designed to be as flexible as possible. The software is controlled by a Level 2 Configuration File that controls all aspects of the software: defining the contents of state and measurement vectors, defining the configurations of the various forward models available, reading appropriate a priori spectroscopic and calibration data, performing retrievals, post-processing results, computing diagnostics, and outputting results in appropriate files. In production mode, the software operates in a parallel form, with one instance of the program acting as a master, coordinating the work of multiple slave instances on a cluster of computers, each computing the results for individual chunks of data. In addition, to do conventional retrieval calculations and producing geophysical products, the Level 2 Configuration File can instruct the software to produce files of simulated radiances based on a state vector formed from a set of geophysical product files taken as input. Combining both the retrieval and simulation tasks in a single piece of software makes it far easier to ensure that identical forward model algorithms and parameters are used in both tasks. This also dramatically reduces the complexity of the code maintenance effort

How Certain are We of the Uncertainties in Recent Ozone Profile Trend Assessments of Merged Limbo Ccultation Records? Challenges and Possible Ways Forward

Most recent assessments of long-term changes in the vertical distribution of ozone (by e.g. WMO and SI2N) rely on data sets that integrate observations by multiple instruments. Several merged satellite ozone profile records have been developed over the past few years; each considers a particular set of instruments and adopts a particular merging strategy. Their intercomparison by Tummon et al. revealed that the current merging schemes are not sufficiently refined to correct for all major differences between the limb/occultation records. This shortcoming introduces uncertainties that need to be known to obtain a sound interpretation of the different satellite-based trend studies. In practice however, producing realistic uncertainty estimates is an intricate task which depends on a sufficiently detailed understanding of the characteristics of each contributing data record and on the subsequent interplay and propagation of these through the merging scheme. Our presentation discusses these challenges in the context of limb/occultation ozone profile records, but they are equally relevant for other instruments and atmospheric measurements. We start by showing how the NDACC and GAW-affiliated ground-based networks of ozonesonde and lidar instruments allowed us to characterize fourteen limb/occultation ozone profile records, together providing a global view over the last three decades. Our prime focus will be on techniques to estimate long-term drift since our results suggest this is the main driver of the major trend differences between the merged data sets. The single-instrument drift estimates are then used for a tentative estimate of the systematic uncertainty in the profile trends from merged data records. We conclude by reflecting on possible further steps needed to improve the merging algorithms and to obtain a better characterization of the uncertainties involved

Présentation

Roman mausolea are rather frequently found in Provence, but the Cucuron mausoleum stands aside, by several interesting features, illustrating different phases of use. Probably built for a family, it was first used as a bustum with four tombs (remains of pottery, glass, coins, gold jewellery), in front of which stood an altar (sculptures with putti). Then it became a funerary precinct, including a completely destroyed columbarium. To that phase (late quarter of the 1st century A.D.) belong four stone masks of colossal type, representing theatrical characters (Bacchus, Hercules, a Fury and an old man). At a later period was added a last inhumation.Les monuments funéraires de Narbonnaise sont relativement bien connus mais celui de Cucuron occupe dans la série une place à part. Probablement de type familial, il a connu plusieurs phases d'utilisation : d'abord bustum avec des témoignages d'incinération importants dans quatre tombes (céramique, verrerie, monnaies, bijouterie d'or), avec un autel classique à représentation de putti, puis un enclos funéraire avec columbarium entièrement détruit ; à cette phase, appartiennent quatre masques d'angle en pierre, du type des masques colossaux représentant des personnages de théâtre (Bacchus, Hercule, une Furie, un vieillard), l'ensemble étant datable du dernier quart du Ier s. après J.-C. Enfin, à époque tardive (IVe s.?), une inhumation a été ajoutée.Lavagne Henri, Lambert Lucien. Présentation . In: Gallia, tome 47, 1990. pp. 145-147

Deoxyribonucleic acid content of the egg of sabellaria during maturation and fertilization [12]

THERE are at the present time no quantitative data on the deoxyribonucleic acid content of the individual gametes during maturation and fertilization. We have determined the deoxyribonucleic acid content of the egg of Sabellaria, from the first maturation division to the first segmentation division. As fertilization takes place before the first maturation division, both male and female components of the fertilized egg can be studied and compared. © 1951 Nature Publishing Group.SCOPUS: le.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Mixed Cassie-Baxter wetting states on a porous material stabilized by electrowetting

International audienceElectrowetting is used to force imbibition in model porous plates. These porous plates are sintered disordered bronze bead packings that are homogeneously coated with a constant-thickness layer of parylene. Cycles of increasing and decreasing voltage trigger the imbibition of a ionized water sessile drop by changing its contact angle with the porous material from non-wetting to wetting shapes. During a cycle, a drop experiences partial imbibition and a strong hysteresis of its contact angle with the porous plate. Since the imbibition process quickly stabilizes, we adopt an equilibrium description of the wetting properties of the drop on the porous plate. Our model, based on the Cassie-Baxter approach, shows that three different wetting states are experienced by the drop, one of which being made possible only by the modification of the contact angle inside the pores. Our model describes the experimental results very well. Copyright (C) EPLA, 201

Some Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects of Superficial Transitions

According to the nature of the system, superficial transitions may involve one, two or three distinct particles. Since transition potentials are generally very accurately defined, they can be used to derive information about the various factors acting on adsorbability. The kinetic study of transition processes shows that their rate is controlled by the creation and expansion of nuclei. However, the kinetic parameters differ notably in function of the nature of the system and the amount of electrical energy required. Copyright © 1972 Verlag Chemie, GmbHSCOPUS: ar.jFLWNAinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Density of the major size groups of benthic fauna and trophic input in deep basins of the Atlantic Ocean

International audienc

Electrogeneration and some properties of the superoxide ion in aqueous solutions

In the presence of surfactants such as quinoline which can form compact hydrophobic films, the inhibition of the polarographic reduction of oxygen selectively blocks the second electron transfer, and yields as main product the superoxide ion O2-. Under polarographic conditions, the reaction O2 + ε O2- nearly achieves reversibility. By comparing the data obtained by pulse polarography and reoxidation chronocoulometry, the standard potential of the system has been determined (Eo = - 0.270 V/NHE). From this value and the pK of the acid-base reactions between O2-, O2H and O2H2+, the full potential-pH diagram of the system O20-O2-1-O2-2 has been established. It shows that thermodynamic stability of O2- can only be expected in molten hydroxides-in agreement with fact. Electroreduction of O2- is a highly irreversible process. The non-additivity of the polarographic diffusion currents due to O2- generation and ferricyanide reduction, indicates that these two species react chemically in the diffusion layer. The behavior of electrodes other than mercury is briefly examined, in view of the possible role of O2- as first intermediate. © 1972.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe