The provenance of late Cenozoic East Asian Red Clay : Tectonic-metamorphic history of potential source regions and a novel combined zircon-rutile approach

Constraining the provenance of aeolian mineral dust is critical in understanding past climate changes, atmospheric dust activity, circulation, and sediment generation. On the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), use of detrital zircon U-Pb age data as source tracers for the dust has seen a huge growth and lead to breakthroughs in understanding dust provenance. However, significant ambiguities remain especially regarding the provenance of the aeolian Neogene Red Clay (RC). To address this, here we review the state of the art of understanding of Neogene RC provenance, with a focus on single-grain analyses, and introduce detrital rutile geochemistry as a tool to complement zircon U-Pb dating. Furthermore, to better utilise the link between the detrital minerals and their primary origin, we compile primary source region geologic background and single-grain data relevant for use of geochronological and metamorphic provenance proxy minerals. We discuss four major tectonic divisions in northern China and southern Mongolia: North China Craton (NCC), Tarim Craton (TC), Central China Orogen (CCO), parts of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), and briefly summarize the Tibetan-Himalayan orogen. Many of these regions have been tectonically active during the same time periods in the Earth's history, and our analysis demonstrates how use of zircon age data alone has limitations in differentiating between a number of key potential dust sources to the CLP. Addition of a metamorphic source tracer such as rutile allows some of these possible source areas to be distinguished. For example, the proximal northern NCC regions that show high-/ ultrahigh-temperature metamorphic conditions can potentially be diagnostic of a northerly source component to CLP dust. Our combined zircon-rutile data analysis of ca. 4 Ma Nihewan RC in northern CLP verifies the utility of the novel rutile provenance proxy in sourcing CLP sediments. The zircon and rutile data suggest similar dust provenance: the dominant sources are proximal areas on the NCC, while contributions from the dry areas in parts of the CAOB, central deserts, and the Yellow River are also likely. Our results also hint at a minor source component deriving from distal western source regions in the TC, and/or in the central parts of the CCO, but rutile data from potential secondary source areas are needed to verify this possibility. We also conclude that multi-proxy single-grain provenance analyses are needed for more reliable provenance analyses.Peer reviewe

Paleoproterotsooisten arclogiittien jäljillä - Muutos 1.88 Ga kalkkialkalisesta magmatismista 1.86 Ga korkean Nb:n ja adakiitti-tyyppiseen magmatismiin Fennoskandian kilven keskiosissa

Arclogites, i.e., lower crustal gamet-pyroxenite cumulates, are suggested to play an important role in controlling magma differentiation in modem continental arcs. Until now, arclogite-related magmatism has only been described from the Phanerozoic Era. The Svecofennian orogen in the central Fennoscandian Shield hosts a rare association of 1.86 Ga igneous rocks geochemically distinct from the surrounding and much more abundant 1.90-1.87 Ga subduction-related talc-alkaline magmatism. The 1.86 Ga magmatic rocks are divided into three groups: 1) high-Nb gabbros (HNB) which are enriched in Fe2O3T, TiO2, P2O5, F. LILE, and HFSE (especially Nb: 18.9-44 ppm), show positive initial epsilon(Nd) value, and near-chondritic but variable initial zircon epsilon(Hf) values; 2) high-Mg gabbros (HMG) which are characterised by high MgO, CaO, Cr and Ni contents, slight enrichment in LILE, positive epsilon(Hf), and positive but variable zircon epsilon(Hf) values; 3) adakite-like rocks showing high Al2O3 and Na2O contents, slight enrichment in LILE, relative depletion in some HFSE, positive CNd value, and chondritic to negative zircon epsilon(Nd) values. The three groups yield zircon U-Pb ages of similar to 1.86 Ga and exhibit undeformed textures in contrast to the surrounding supracrustal rocks metamorphosed at similar to 1.88 Ga. The ages and compositions are dearly different from the adjacent 1.90-1.87 Ga arc-related igneous rocks suggesting a distinct origin. Despite similar ages and close spatial relationship, separate sources are required for each of the different 1.86 Ga rock groups. Trace element modelling of partial melting suggests that arclogites, with compositions similar to pyroxenite xenoliths found in the kimberlite pipes of eastern Finland, are the source for the HNB rocks. In contrast, subduction-modified mantle peridotite is the source for the HMG rocks, and a mafic lower crustal source is suggested for the adakite-like rocks. The following geodynamic model is suggested: (rutile-bearing) arclogite formation at 1.90-1.87 Ga followed by arclogite delamination and partial melting during extension of the thickened Svecofennian crust at 1.86 Ga. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

The role of the Kupferschiefer in the formation of hydrothermal base metal mineralization in the Spessart ore district, Germany: insight from detailed sulfur isotope studies

The Spessart district (SW Germany), located at the southwestern margin of the Permian Kupferschiefer basin in Central Europe, hosts abundant stratabound and structurally controlled base metal mineralization. The mineralization styles identified are (1) stratabound Cu-Pb-Zn-(Ag) ores in Zechstein sedimentary rocks, (2) structurally controlled Cu-As-(Ag) ores in Zechstein sedimentary rocks, (3) crosscutting Co-Ni-(Bi)-As and Cu-Fe-As veins, (4) stratabound metasomatic Fe-Mn carbonate ores in Zechstein dolomite, (5) barren barite veins, and (6) Fe-Mn-As veins in Permian rhyolites. Building on previous work that involved mineralogical, textural, and chemical characterization of the major mineralization types, we have performed a comprehensive sulfur isotope study that applied both conventional and novel laser-ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry techniques. The δ34S values of sulfide minerals from the different ore types are consistently negative and highly variable, in the range between −44.5‰ and −3.9‰, whereas the δ34S values of barite are all positive in the range between 4.7‰ and 18.9‰. Remarkably, stratabound and structurally controlled mineralization in Zechstein sedimentary rocks has the least negative δ34S values, whereas vein-type deposits have consistently more negative δ34S values. The observed pattern of sulfide δ34S values can be best interpreted in terms of fluid mixing at the basement-cover interface. Hydrothermal fluids originating from the crystalline basement migrated upward along subvertical fault zones and were periodically injected into groundwaters that were flowing in the post-Variscan sedimentary cover. These groundwaters had interacted with the Zechstein sedimentary rocks, resulting in fluids characterized by elevated concentrations of reduced sulfur (with negative δ34S values) and alkaline pH. Repeated mixing between both chemically contrasting fluids caused rapid and efficient precipitation of sulfide ore minerals in hydrothermal veins with highly variable but distinctly negative δ34S value

The age and origin of the Vaasa migmatite complex revisited

The origin of the Vaasa migmatite complex was studied by using whole-rock Sm-Nd and zircon Lu-Hf and U-Pb data in conjunction with whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry. The concordia ages of five Vaasa area granitoid samples are 1.88-1.86 Ga, constraining the age of peak migmatization. The ages of inherited zircon cores in the samples show two clear age populations at 2.02-1.92 Ga and c. 2.7 Ga, which correspond to ages yielded by a mica schist sample from the adjacent Evijarvi belt, as well as with published values for the Evijarvi belt zircon. The initial epsilon(Nd) values of the Vaasa complex samples are relatively unradiogenic (from -3.0 to -2.0). Such values are comparable to a value (-3.6) calculated for the Evijarvi mica schist, as well as to literature values (from 3.0 to -0.5) for the Evijarvi belt. The average initial zircon epsilon(Hf) values of four of the granitoids range from -10 to -5 and are in agreement with the Nd-isotopic results, whereas the northmost sample has a significantly higher value (+1). The deviation is suggested to result from disequilibrium melting of zircon. The isotopic and geochronological data indicate that the Vaasa complex granitoids formed by partial melting of the Evijarvi belt metasedimentary rocks.Peer reviewe

LITHOSPHERE 2018

We sampled one felsic volcanic rock from the lower part of the Kisko formation and two cordierite-anthophyllite rocks from Orijärvi and Iilijärvi for U-Pb dating. The felsic volcanic rock yield a zircon 207Pb/206Pb weighted average age of ~1.89 Ga. The oldest zircons from the Orijärvi cordierite-anthophyllite rock give a weighted average age of ~1.89 Ga. The monazite from the same sample yield a concordia age of ~1.80 Ga and the xenotime yield a concordia age of ~1.82 Ga. The Iilijärvi cordierite-anthophyllite rock gives a monazite concordia age of ~1.82 Ga. This implies that two metamorphic pulses are recorded in the samples.</p

Neogene global climate change and East Asian dust sources: Combined rutile geochemistry and zircon U-Pb analysis from the northern Chinese Loess Plateau

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