Estimasi dan Validasi Total Digestible Nutrient Hijauan Pakan dari Komposisi Kimia Pakan

This study aims to estimate and validate the accuracy of estimated Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) content in forages based on the chemical composition of feed. Data on nutrient composition for estimates were obtained from the BR-CORTE database consisting of 86 types of forages and primary data from observations consisting of 19 types of forages. Analysis data is used Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, determination coefficient (R2), and root mean square error (RMSE) for estimation models, variance test (ANOVA), and T-test for validation. The results showed that forage TDN had a negative correlation with Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) (P <0.01) and lignin (P <0.05), but was positively correlated with Non-Fibre Carbohydrate (NFC) (P <0.01), Ether Extract (EE) and Crude Protein (CP) (P<0.01). Thus, the TDN value can be estimated from the chemical composition in the feed. The regression equation that will be used to estimate forage TDN content is TDN = 0.482 NDF + 1.538 EE + 0.699 NFC + 0.718 CP (R2=0.994). Then, this equation is validated and compared to the Hartadi’s and Wardeh’s equations. The results of the T-test showed that the TDN value estimated is non significantly different with TDN Hartadi for cattle (P>0.05). It concluded TDN value of local forage can be estimated based on this estimation models.This study aims to estimate and validate the accuracy of estimated Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) content in forages based on the chemical composition of feed. Data on nutrient composition for estimates were obtained from the BR-CORTE database consisting of 86 types of forages and primary data from observations consisting of 19 types of forages. Analysis data is used Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, determination coefficient (R2), and root mean square error (RMSE) for estimation models, variance test (ANOVA), and T-test for validation. The results showed that forage TDN had a negative correlation with Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) (P <0.01) and lignin (P <0.05), but was positively correlated with Non-Fibre Carbohydrate (NFC) (P <0.01), Ether Extract (EE) and Crude Protein (CP) (P<0.01). Thus, the TDN value can be estimated from the chemical composition in the feed. The regression equation that will be used to estimate forage TDN content is TDN = 0.482 NDF + 1.538 EE + 0.699 NFC + 0.718 CP (R2=0.994). Then, this equation is validated and compared to the Hartadi’s and Wardeh’s equations. The results of the T-test showed that the TDN value estimated is non significantly different with TDN Hartadi for cattle (P>0.05). It concluded TDN value of local forage can be estimated based on this estimation models

Feed Potential of Agriculture Waste for Beef Cattle Development in Kuningan Regency, West Java

The aims of research were to identify and analyze potential agricultural waste used as feed, examines the characteristics of beef cattle ranchers and estimate the ability of the addition of beef cattle population in Kuningan Regency. The primary data were taken from interviews with 30 respondents beef cattle farmers selected by purposive sampling in three districts based on the largest beef cattle population as a recommendation by local government of Kuningan Regency Agricultural. Waste samples taken randomly three times to analyze of nutrient composition by proksimat analyze was the type of the most widely used for feed. Secondary data was obtained from Kuningan Regency Veterinary Office, Department of Food Crops and the Central Statistics Agency. The results showed that the type of agricultural waste used in Kuningan Regency from highest to lowest production is rice straw, hay sweet potatoes, peanuts and hay with traditional animal husbandry systems. Districts that can improve beef cattle population from the highest to lowest number was Luragung, Cibingbin, Ciwaru, Subang, Maleber, Cibeureum, Cilebak, Karangkancana and Cimahi. In conclusion, the highest agricultural waste production was rice straw and the highest potential for the development of beef cattle in the Kuningan Regency was Luragung District

Kandungan Xantofil Daun Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) Hasil Detoksikasi Mimosin Secara Fisik dan Kimia

Leucaena (Leucena leucocephala) is a feed source which has high protein and carotenoid, but its utilization as feed was limited by the presence of mimosine (β-N-(3-Hydroxy-4 pyridone)-α amino propenoic acid as a toxin. Experiment was carried out using completely randomized design with 4 detoxification treatments and 5 replications. Detoxification treatments of leucaena leaf consisted of (1) non treated leucaena leaf, (2) steamed heating at 70 oC for 15 minutes, (3)  dry heating at 70 oC for 12 h, (4) soaking with fresh water for 12 h, (5) spray with NaOH 5%, incubated  for 12 h. Variables measured were mimosine and xanthophylls contents. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and duncan multiple range test was further done to test the significant differences between means. The results showed that soaking leucaena leaf with fresh water for 12 h gave the highest reduction for both mimosine and xanthophylls contents and steamed heating at 70oC for 15 minutes had the highest xanthophylls content post detoxification. It was concluded that steamed heating at 70oC for 15 minutes was the best detoxification methods for mimosine in leucaena leaf.   Key words:  mimosine, Leucaena leucocephala, physical and chemical detoxificatio

Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Sambiloto (Andrographis Paniculata) dan Ekstrak Kulit Manggis (Garcinia Mangostana) terhadap Aflatoksin B1 pada Jagung: Antioxidant Activity of Andrographis paniculata Leaves Extract and Garcinia mangostana Peel Extract to aflatoxin B1 in Corn

The objective of this study was to analyze the active compound of Garcinia mangostana (GME) and Andrographis paniculata (APE) extracts and the effectiveness of these extracts against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) which had contaminated corn. The experimental design of this study was a completely randomized factorial design. Factor A was the addition of extract, A0=without addition, A1=addition of 0.08% GME, A2=addition of 0.16% GME, A3=addition of 0.08% APE, A4=addition of 0.16% APE. Factor B was the incubation period, B1=day 0, B2=day-2, B3=day-4. The research variables were extract yield, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, corn moisture content and gross energy, AFB1 content, production and percentage of inhibition of AFB1. The data obtained were analyzed for  variance and Duncan’s test. The results showed that GME and APE had yields of 16.68% and 5.49%, total phenolic content of 125.28 and 12.62 mg GAE g extract-1 and antioxidant activity of 29.82 and >200 ppm respectively. The addition of extract to each treatment during incubation significantly interacted with AFB1 production. However, the gross energy in each treatment was only affected by the incubation time, while the moisture content increased on the second day to 13.29%. It can be concluded that the addition of 0.16% GME could inhibit the production of AFB1 which was higher than the addition of other extracts during incubation. Key words:        aflatoxin B1, Andrographis paniculata, corn, Garcinia mangostan

A comparative analysis on serious adverse events reported for COVID-19 vaccines in adolescents and young adults

This study aims to assess the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines (mRNA and viral vector vaccines) in teenagers and young adults, as compared to Influenza and HPV vaccines, and to early data from Monkeypox vaccination in United States. Methods: We downloaded data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) and collected the following Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) reported for COVID-19, Influenza, HPV and Monkeypox vaccines: deaths, life-threatening illnesses, disabilities, hospitalizations. We restricted our analysis to the age groups 12–17 and 18–49, and to the periods December 2020 to July 2022 for COVID-19 vaccines, 2010–2019 for Influenza vaccines, 2006–2019 for HPV vaccines, June 1, 2022 to November 15, 2022 for Monkeypox vaccine. Rates were calculated in each age and sex group, based on an estimation of the number of administered doses. Results: Among adolescents the total number of reported SAEs per million doses for, respectively, COVID-19, Influenza and HPV vaccines were 60.73, 2.96, 14.62. Among young adults the reported SAEs rates for, respectively, COVID-19, Influenza, Monkeypox vaccines were 101.91, 5.35, 11.14. Overall, the rates of reported SAEs were significantly higher for COVID-19, resulting in a rate 19.60-fold higher than Influenza vaccines (95% C.I. 18.80–20.44), 4.15-fold higher than HPV vaccines (95% C.I. 3.91–4.41) and 7.89-fold higher than Monkeypox vaccine (95% C.I. 3.95–15.78). Similar trends were observed in teenagers and young adults with higher Relative Risks for male adolescents. Conclusion: The study identified a risk of SAEs following COVID-19 vaccination which was markedly higher compared to Influenza vaccination and substantially higher compared to HPV vaccination, both for teenagers and young adults, with an increased risk for the male adolescents group. Initial, early data for Monkeypox vaccination point to significantly lower rates of reported SAEs compared to those for COVID-19 vaccines. In conclusion these results stress the need of further studies to explore the bases for the above differences and the importance of accurate harm-benefit analyses, especially for adolescent males, to inform the COVID-19 vaccination campaign

In Vitro Digestibility of Ration Containing Different Level of Palm Oil Frond Fermented with Phanerochaetae chrysosporium

Phanerochaete chrysosporium was widely used to delignify agricultural waste product and improve biodegradation of the substrate as animal feed.  The experiment was carried out to increase the use of palm oil fronds as a substitute material for napier grass through biodegradation process with P. chysosporium. A completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications was used. The treatments were ration containing 60% napier grass (R1), ration containing 40% napier grass and 20% fermented palm oil frond (R2), ration containing 20% napier grass and 40% fermented palm oil frond (R3), ration containing 60% fermented palm oil frond (R4). Fourty percent concentrate was included in all treatment rations. Parameters measured were in vitro digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, NDF, ADF, NH3, TVFA, and ruminal cellulolitic bacteria. Results showed that increasing level of fermented palm oil frond in the ration reduced (P<0.05) digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, NDF, ADF, N-NH3, TVFA concentration and number of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria. It is concluded that fermentation of palm oil frondwith P. chysosporium decrease lignin content by 47.79%, but increasing the fermented palm oil frond in the ration reduces nutrient digestibilities, N-NH3 and TVFA concentrations and rumen cellulolytic bacteria counts. Fermented palm oil frond up to 40% could be used as a substitute for forages in ruminant rations

Hasil Ikutan Pertanian Sebagai Pakan Ruminansia Di Jawa Tengah

The major problem faced by farmers in Central Java is the fluctuation of feed availability throughout the year, with feed surplus in the rainy season and less in the dry season. The objective of this study was to evaluate the support ability of agricultural by product as ruminant feed in Central Java. Survey method was used in this study, primary and secondary data were descriptively analyzed. The results showed that based on total population of ruminants and carrying capacity of the potential production of agricultural by product, there was an excess of support ability to 3,699,674 Animal Unit (AU) based on Dry Matter (DM); 1,419,142 AU based on Crude Protein (CP) and 1,825,567 AU based on Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN). However, based on carrying capacity of effective production of agricultural by product, there was an excess of support ability of feed only for 2,003,470 AU based on DM, 335,459 AU based on CP and 687,215 AU based on TDN

Determination of Energy and Protein Requirements of Sheep in Indonesia Using a Meta-analytical Approach

The objective of this study was to determine energy and protein requirements, for both maintenance and gain, of sheep in Indonesia by using a meta-analysis method. A database was developed from various in vivo experiments involving sheep as the experimental animals in which energy intake, protein intake and average daily weight gain (ADG) were reported. A total of 38 articles consisting of 137 data points were integrated into the database. Different breeds (Priangan, fat-tailed and local) and sexes (male and female) were specified in the database. Maintenance and gain requirements of dry matter, energy and protein were determined by regressing ADG with dry matter intake (DMI), total digestible nutrient intake (TDNI) and crude protein intake (CPI), respectively. An intercept (where ADG= 0 g/kg MBW/d) and a slope (required nutrient intake per unit ADG) were taken as maintenance and gain requirements, respectively. Results revealed that all sheep breeds had similar energy requirement for maintenance (TDNm). Energy requirement for gain (TDNg) of Priangan breed was lower than other breeds; the breed required 0.860 g TDN for 1 g ADG. Fat-tailed and local breeds required 1.22 and 2.75 g TDN for 1 g ADG, respectively. All breeds also revealed relatively similar protein requirement for maintenance (CPm), i.e. 6.27-6.47 g/kg MBW/d. Priangan breed required less CP for 1 g ADG (CPg), i.e. 0.295 g. Requirements of CPg for fat-tailed and local breeds were 0.336 and 0.497 g/g ADG, respectively. It was concluded that each sheep breed in Indonesia had specific TDN and CP requirements for gain, but similar requirements for maintenance

Evaluation of Some Insects as Potential Feed Ingredients for Ruminants: Chemical Composition, in Vitro Rumen Fermentation and Methane Emissions

This experiment was aimed to evaluate chemical composition, in vitro rumen fermentation, digestibility and methane emissions of some insects, i.e. Jamaican field cricket (JFC), mealworm (MW) and black soldier fly larvae age 1 and 2 weeks (BSF1 and BSF2). Insect samples were oven-dried at 60oC for 24 h, and ground to pass a 1 mm sieve. The ground samples were used subsequently for chemical composition determination and in vitro rumen fermentation test. Incubation was carried out in a water bath maintained at 39 ºC for 48 h in three replicates. Results revealed that all insect meals contained high crude protein, i.e. above 40% DM. Proportions of neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP) and neutral detergent insoluble CP (ADICP) were high in the insect meals than that of soybean meal (SBM), and these were particularly very high in BSF2. All insect meals had lower IVDMD and IVOMD than that of SBM (P<0.05). All insect meals had lower methane emissions as compared to SBM at 12, 24 and 48 h (P<0.05). It can be concluded that insect meals are potential protein supplements and have low methane emissions in vitro. However, their digestibility is rather low and may limit their utilization