14 research outputs found
Performance of copper azole treated softwoods exposed to marine borers
Wooden material has been used for shipbuilding and structural purposes in the marine environment since ancient times. Wood being used in the sea water can be damaged by marine wood boring organisms, which can turn marine wooden structures unserviceable with great economic cost. Using naturally durable species and preservative treated wood can increase the service life of wooden maritime structures and avoid or minimise the damages caused by marine borers. In this study, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Black pine (Pinus nigra) and Turkish fir (Abies bornmĂŒlleriana) naturally grown and economically important wood species in Turkey were treated with copper-azole and evaluated in marine trials for 7 and 14 months in the Western Black Sea region. In this experiment, Teredo navalis was the only teredinid species identified. Copper-azole treated fir and Scots pine specimens suffered no attack, after 7 and 14 months exposure, except four panels which suffered minor damage. However, copper-azole treated Black pine panels were moderately damaged, and all of the control panels of the softwoods were strongly attacked. The average largest shell diameter was found to be 4,79 mm in Scots pine, while the longest pallets (4,71 mm) was found in Black pine. All untreated test panels scored an average of 4 (heavily attacked) after a 14 month period. The cellulose ratio of Black pine decreased from 56 % to 50 %, and the holo-cellulose ratio from 76 % to 71 %. The treated samples showed resistance against marine borers although the copper (cu) leaching was high during the 14 months exposure underwater
Evaluation of wooden materials deteriorated by marine wood boring organisms in the black sea
Marine borers can destroy wooden structures exposed to the marine environment and cause great monetary loss. In the region of Amasra of the Black Sea in Turkey, ships continue to be built from wood, mainly Castanea sativa (sweet chestnut) and Quercus petraea (sessile oak) and therefore are subject to destruction by marine borers. Copper-chromium-arsenic (CCA), used to be one of the most common wood preservatives used   in Turkey. However, in this area its efficacy against mari-ne borers is unknown.  The resistance of untreated and CCA-treated samples of chestnut, oak and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was examined and aft er twelve months evaluated in two ways, EN 275, and a non-destructive measurement for dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE). Untreated samples, particularly Scots pine were severely attacked by Teredo navalis. Treated samples of oak and chestnut were moderately attacked while treated samples of Scots pine sapwood and heartwood were sound. Severity of wood boring attack determined using MOE showed a very good correlation with that de-termined by visual assessment in untreated wood, and a good correlation for treated wood. Dynamic MOE allows rapid on-site evaluation rather than measurements within a laboratory and also without causing damage to the structures being evaluated
Lung hyperinflation stimulates the release of inflammatory mediators in spontaneously breathing subjects
Performance of copper azole treated softwoods exposed to marine borers
Wooden material has been used for shipbuilding and structural purposes in the marine environment since ancient times. Wood being used in the sea water can be damaged by marine wood boring organisms, which can turn marine wooden structures unserviceable with great economic cost. Using naturally durable species and preservative treated wood can increase the service life of wooden maritime structures and avoid or minimise the damages caused by marine borers. In this study, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Black pine (Pinus nigra) and Turkish fir (Abies bornmĂŒlleriana) naturally grown and economically important wood species in Turkey were treated with copper-azole and evaluated in marine trials for 7 and 14 months in the Western Black Sea region. In this experiment, Teredo navalis was the only teredinid species identified. Copper-azole treated fir and Scots pine specimens suffered no attack, after 7 and 14 months exposure, except four panels which suffered minor damage. However, copper-azole treated Black pine panels were moderately damaged, and all of the control panels of the softwoods were strongly attacked. The average largest shell diameter was found to be 4,79 mm in Scots pine, while the longest pallets (4,71 mm) was found in Black pine. All untreated test panels scored an average of 4 (heavily attacked) after a 14 month period. The cellulose ratio of Black pine decreased from 56 % to 50 %, and the holo-cellulose ratio from 76 % to 71 %. The treated samples showed resistance against marine borers although the copper (cu) leaching was high during the 14 months exposure underwater
Performance of copper azole treated softwoods exposed to marine borers
Wooden material has been used for shipbuilding and structural purposes in the marine environment since ancient times. Wood being used in the sea water can be damaged by marine wood boring organisms, which can turn marine wooden structures unserviceable with great economic cost. Using naturally durable species and preservative treated wood can increase the service life of wooden maritime structures and avoid or minimise the damages caused by marine borers. In this study, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Black pine (Pinus nigra) and Turkish fir (Abies bornmĂŒlleriana) naturally grown and economically important wood species in Turkey were treated with copper-azole and evaluated in marine trials for 7 and 14 months in the Western Black Sea region. In this experiment, Teredo navalis was the only teredinid species identified. Copper-azole treated fir and Scots pine specimens suffered no attack, after 7 and 14 months exposure, except four panels which suffered minor damage. However, copper-azole treated Black pine panels were moderately damaged, and all of the control panels of the softwoods were strongly attacked. The average largest shell diameter was found to be 4,79 mm in Scots pine, while the longest pallets (4,71 mm) was found in Black pine. All untreated test panels scored an average of 4 (heavily attacked) after a 14 month period. The cellulose ratio of Black pine decreased from 56 % to 50 %, and the holo-cellulose ratio from 76 % to 71 %. The treated samples showed resistance against marine borers although the copper (cu) leaching was high during the 14 months exposure underwater
Effects of timolol maleate, levobunolol and apraclonidine on intraocular pressure, pupil size, blood pressure and heart rate in beagles
Prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in school children: the importance of using confirmatory methods
Biorregulador e pré-condicionamento osmótico na germinação de sementes e no crescimento inicial da muda de carobinha (Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata Farias & Proença) - Bignoniaceae Bioregulator and priming on seed germination and initial growth of "carobinha" (Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata Farias & Proença - Bignoniaceae) seedlings
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de tratamentos prĂ©-germinativos na emergĂȘncia das plantas e no crescimento inicial das mudas de Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata Farias & Proença. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, as sementes, separadas em claras e escuras, foram submetidas aos tratamentos prĂ©-germinativos: 1) KNO3 (20000 mg L-1); 2) ĂĄcido giberĂ©lico (GA3) 50 mg L-1, 3) GA3 100 mg L-1 4) GA3 200 mg L-1; 5) Stimulate 5 mL 0,5 kg-1 de sementes; 6) Stimulate 10 mL 0,5 kg-1 de sementes; 7) ĂĄgua 24 horas; 8) testemunha. A semeadura foi realizada em bandejas de cĂ©lulas preenchidas com substrato terra + substrato comercial. Os cinco melhores tratamentos foram selecionados para avaliação do crescimento da muda. As plantas com 120 dias de idade provenientes dos seguintes tratamentos: 3) GA 100 mg L-1 4) GA 200 mg L-1; 5) Stimulate 5 mL 0,5 Kg-1 de sementes 6) Stimulate 10 mL 0,5 Kg-1 de sementes e 8) Testemunha, foram transplantadas para embalagens de plĂĄstico de 3 Kg com substrato terra + areia + cama-de-frango (1:1:1 - v:v), mantidas em sombreamento de 50% e avaliadas aos 70, 130, 170 e 210 dias apĂłs o transplante. Em geral, as sementes claras apresentaram maior germinabilidade e Ăndice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) em relação Ă s sementes escuras. Entretanto, as plantas provenientes dessas sementes apresentaram menor crescimento do que as plantas provenientes das sementes escuras. No segundo experimento as sementes foram prĂ©-embebidas em solução de: 1) PEG 6000 (-1,0 MPa); 2) PEG 6000 (-1,0 MPa) + KNO3 (20000 mg L-1) (-1,0 MPa); 3) KNO3 (20000 mg L-1) (-1,0 MPa); 4) Ăgua e 5) ĂĄgua deionizada, e incubadas em BOD a 10ÂșC e 20ÂșC durante 0 (controle), 6, 12 e 24 horas. ApĂłs esses perĂodos elas foram secas em ambiente de laboratĂłrio atĂ© atingirem a massa apresentada antes do condicionamento e, posteriormente, incubadas em BOD a 20-30ÂșC com 8 h escuro e 12 h de luz. Os tratamentos prĂ©-germinativos nĂŁo interferiram na vitalidade e no vigor das sementes osmocondicionadas por atĂ© 12 horas. NĂŁo houve diferença entre as temperaturas de 10 e 20ÂșC para germinabilidade (60 %) e IVG, porĂ©m a temperatura de 10ÂșC originou plĂąntulas com maior massa fresca (95,7 mg) e comprimento mĂ©dio de raiz (3,2 cm) e de parte aĂ©rea (2,6 cm). O osmocondicionamento por 24 horas causou redução na qualidade das sementes e vigor das plĂąntulas.<br>The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of pregerminative treatments on the emergence and initial growth of Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata Farias & Proença seedlings. Two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, seeds were separated into light and dark seeds and were subjected to the following pregerminative treatments: 1) KNO3 (20000 mg L-1); 2) Gibberellic acid (GA3) 50 mg L-1, 3) GA3 100 mg L-1 4) GA3 200 mg L-1; 5) Stimulate 5 mL 0.5 kg-1 seeds; 6) Stimulate 10 mL 0.5 kg-1 seeds; 7) Water 24h; and 8) Control. The sowing was performed on polystyrene trays filled with land + commercial substrate. The five best treatments were selected to evaluate seedling growth. Plants aged 120 days from treatments 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 were transplanted to plastic bags (3kg) filled with land + sand + poultry manure (1:1:1 - v:v), kept under 50% shading and evaluated at 70, 130, 170 and 210 days after transplanting. In general, light seeds had higher germinability and germination speed index (GSI) than the dark ones. However, the plants obtained from these seeds had lower growth than plants from dark seeds. In the second experiment, seeds were primed in the solutions: 1) PEG 6000 (-1.0 MPa); 2) PEG 6000 (-1.0 MPa) + KNO3 (20000 mg L-1) (-1.0 MPa); 3) KNO3 (20000 mg L-1) (-1.0 MPa); 4) Water; and 5) Deionized water, and incubated in a BOD chamber at 10 and 20ÂșC for 0 (control), 6, 12 and 24h. Then, seeds were dried at room temperature until reaching the matter presented before priming and incubated in a BOD chamber at 20-30ÂșC with 8h dark - 12h light. The pregerminative treatments did not interfere with the vitality and vigor of seeds primed for up to 12h. There was no difference between 10 and 20ÂșC for germinability (60%) and GSI. However, the temperature of 10ÂșC led seedlings to present higher fresh matter (95.7 mg) and mean root (3.2 cm) and shoot (2.6 cm) length. Priming for 24h decreased seed quality and seedling vigor