240 research outputs found

    La Russie Ă  la recherche d’un nouveau systĂšme international et d’une nouvelle politique extĂ©rieure

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    La Russie qui a Ă©mergĂ© de l’effondrement de l’URSS en 1991 s’est dotĂ©e d’une politique extĂ©rieure qui se voulait en rupture fondamentale avec celle de l’Union soviĂ©tique. Avec une volontĂ© de cohĂ©rence remarquable, la Russie a cherchĂ© Ă  adopter une vision du monde et une dĂ©finition de ses intĂ©rĂȘts, qui soient en pleine conformitĂ© avec les valeurs et les objectifs communs des puissances occidentales parmi lesquelles elle comptait s’inscrire. Sa tentative de faire table rase du passĂ©, qui est ici prĂ©sentĂ©e et qui s’est d’abord imposĂ©e, n’a pas pu se maintenir. Le poids du passĂ© russe et soviĂ©tique a progressivement resurgi sous diverses formes dans les dĂ©bats qu’a suscitĂ©s la dĂ©finition des intĂ©rĂȘts de la nouvelle Russie. La redĂ©finition de la politique extĂ©rieure de la Russie qui paraissait une chose faite en 1992 est en train de se refaire dans un contexte politique profondĂ©ment changĂ©, et dans une direction inquiĂ©tante pour les États issus de l’URSS, et est susceptible de poser des dilemmes de plus en plus difficiles aux puissances occidentales.As it emerged from the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Russia embarked a Foreign policy which aimed at the most complete break away from that of the Soviet Union. With a remarkable consistency Russia adopted a concept of the world and defined its interests in full compliance with the shared values and objectives of the Western powers which she wanted to join as a full partner. Her attempt to do away with the past, which is analysed here and prevailed in 1992 could not be maintained. The legacy of the Soviet and Russian past slowly resurfaced in more or less disguised ways through the debates that surrounded the definition of New Russia's interests. The recasting of Russian Foreign policy which seemed to have been completed in 1992 is now being remade in an entirely new political context. The prevailing trends are deeply disturbing for the former Soviet Republics and will raise challenging dilemmas for the Western powers

    De I'URSS à la Russie : les institutions internationales de sécurité au service d'une superpuissance en chute libre

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    Constatant que sa puissance diminuait Ă  vue d'oeil, la Russie, tout comme VURSS Ă  la veille de sa dissolution, a recouru aux us afin de prĂ©server ses prĂ©rogatives d'une grande puissance menacĂ©es par les grands bouleversements gĂ©opolitiques. L'article montre Ă  travers trois Ă©tudes de cas combien VURSS durant la crise du Golfe s'efforça Ă  grand-peine de sauvegarder ses intĂ©rĂȘts sĂ©rieusement entamĂ©s ; expĂ©rience que la Russie connaĂźtra avec l'Ă©largissement de I'OTAN vers les pays de l'Europe centrale et orientale. Seule au Conseil de sĂ©curitĂ© la puissance grandement amoindrie de la Russie paraĂźt ĂȘtre Ă  l'abri. L'article conclut que la Russie est placĂ©e constamment dans des contraintes institutionnelles qui lui Ă©chappent malgrĂ© ses tentatives d'employer les us existantes pour arrĂȘter l'hĂ©morragie de son influence historique mondiale.Aware that its power was diminishing rapidly, Russia, in the same way as the Soviet Union at the eve of its dissolution, resorted to its in order to preserve its great-power prerogatives threatened as they were by major geopolitical reversals. Through three case studies, this article shows to what extent the Soviet Union during the Gulf Crisis sought with considerable difficulty to forestall the downgrading of its power; an experience repeated by Russia in the NATO enlargement issue. Only at the Security Council does Russia's power seem to be in a relatively safe place. The article concludes that Russia finds itself constantly placed under institutional constraints despite its efforts to stop the downfall of its world historical influence

    A conserved target site in HIV-1 Gag RNA is accessible to inhibition by both an HDV ribozyme and a short hairpin RNA

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    Abstract: Antisense-based molecules targeting HIV-1 RNA have the potential to be used as part of gene or drug therapy to treat HIV-1 infection. In this study, HIV-1 RNA was screened to identify more conserved and accessible target sites for ribozymes based on the hepatitis delta virus motif. Using a quantitative screen for effects on HIV-1 production, we identified a ribozyme targeting a highly conserved site in the Gag coding sequence with improved inhibitory potential compared to our previously described candidates targeting the overlapping Tat/Rev coding sequence. We also demonstrate that this target site is highly accessible to short hairpin directed RNA interference, suggesting that it may be available for the binding of antisense RNAs with different modes of action. We provide evidence that this target site is structurally conserved in diverse viral strains and that it is sufficiently different from the human transcriptome to limit off-target effects from antisense therapies. We also show that the modified hepatitis delta virus ribozyme is more sensitive to a mismatch in its target site compared to the short hairpin RNA. Overall, our results validate the potential of a new target site in HIV-1 RNA to be used for the development of antisense therapies

    Investigating a New Generation of Ribozymes in Order to Target HCV

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    For a long time nucleic acid-based approaches directed towards controlling the propagation of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) have been considered to possess high potential. Towards this end, ribozymes (i.e. RNA enzymes) that specifically recognize and subsequently catalyze the cleavage of their RNA substrate present an attractive molecular tool. Here, the unique properties of a new generation of ribozymes are taken advantage of in order to develop an efficient and durable ribozyme-based technology with which to target HCV (+) RNA strands. These ribozymes resulted from the coupling of a specific on/off adaptor (SOFA) to the ribozyme domain derived from the Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV). The former switches cleavage activity “on” solely in the presence of the desired RNA substrate, while the latter was the first catalytic RNA reported to function naturally in human cells, specifically in hepatocytes. In order to maximize the chances for success, a step-by-step approach was used for both the design and the selection of the ribozymes. This approach included the use of both bioinformatics and biochemical methods for the identification of the sites possessing the greatest potential for targeting, and the subsequent in vitro testing of the cleavage activities of the corresponding SOFA-HDV ribozymes. These efforts led to a significant improvement in the ribozymes' designs. The ability of the resulting SOFA-HDV ribozymes to inhibit HCV replication was further examined using a luciferase-based replicon. Although some of the ribozymes exhibited high levels of cleavage activity in vitro, none appears to be a potential long term inhibitor in cellulo. Analysis of recent discoveries in the cellular biology of HCV might explain this failure, as well as provide some ideas on the potential limits of using nucleic acid-based drugs to control the propagation of HCV. Finally, the above conclusions received support from experiments performed using a collection of SOFA-HDV ribozymes directed against HCV (−) strands

    Relevance of animal models to human tardive dyskinesia

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    Tardive dyskinesia remains an elusive and significant clinical entity that can possibly be understood via experimentation with animal models. We conducted a literature review on tardive dyskinesia modeling. Subchronic antipsychotic drug exposure is a standard approach to model tardive dyskinesia in rodents. Vacuous chewing movements constitute the most common pattern of expression of purposeless oral movements and represent an impermanent response, with individual and strain susceptibility differences. Transgenic mice are also used to address the contribution of adaptive and maladaptive signals induced during antipsychotic drug exposure. An emphasis on non-human primate modeling is proposed, and past experimental observations reviewed in various monkey species. Rodent and primate models are complementary, but the non-human primate model appears more convincingly similar to the human condition and better suited to address therapeutic issues against tardive dyskinesia

    Étude des rĂ©sonances Ă©lectroniques et leur section efficace de dĂ©croissance dans les Ă©tats Ă©lectroniques et vibrationnels des bases de l'ADN par pertes d'Ă©nergies d'Ă©lectrons de faible Ă©nergie

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    Cette thĂšse est une Ă©tude des probabilitĂ©s d'interactions (sections efficaces) entre des molĂ©cules simples d'intĂ©rĂȘt biologique et des Ă©lectrons secondaires formĂ©s par le rayonnement ionisant. Les mesures sont faites Ă  l'aide d'un spectromĂštre d'Ă©lectrons par pertes d'Ă©nergie. La thĂšse comprend quatre articles qui exposent Ă  divers degrĂ©s les trois grandes Ă©tapes dans la rĂ©alisation de ce projet. L'article I traite d'un appareil que j'ai conçu et rĂ©alisĂ© en collaboration pour dĂ©poser en couches minces les bases d'ADN et certains nuclĂ©otides sur un substrat cryogĂ©nique. C'est le seul systĂšme connu permettant, dans des conditions de cryogĂ©nie et d'hypervide, de sublimer des molĂ©cules sans dĂ©placer le substrat et sans contaminer le vide et les appareils environnants. L'article II concerne essentiellement l'Ă©laboration d'un modĂšle que j'ai dĂ©veloppĂ© en collaboration et appliquĂ© sur la pyrimidine (une molĂ©cule prototype aux bases de l'ADN) pour mesurer les sections efficaces dans des conditions de collisions simples. Le modĂšle est ensuite appliquĂ© dans les articles III et IV aux excitations vibrationnelles puis Ă©lectroniques de la thymine. L'article III traite aussi d'une nouvelle mĂ©thode, que j'ai dĂ©veloppĂ©e, pour mesurer la densitĂ© des molĂ©cules dĂ©posĂ©es sur une surface. De plus, nous avons localisĂ© par spectromĂ©trie Ă©lectronique plusieurs excitations d'Ă©tats triplets jusqu'alors non identifiĂ©s pour chacune des deux molĂ©cules. La dĂ©pendance en Ă©nergie des sections efficaces nous a Ă©galement permis d'identifier et de localiser en Ă©nergie plusieurs mĂ©canismes de diffusion rĂ©sonante d'Ă©lectron. L'Ă©tude spectroscopique nous a permis de raffiner notre comprĂ©hension des structures vibrationnelle et Ă©lectronique de la pyrimidine et de la thymine. Les sections efficaces sont, quant Ă  elles, trĂšs prisĂ©es par les thĂ©oriciens. Elles vont permettre de modĂ©liser la distribution de l'Ă©nergie dĂ©posĂ©e dans le milieu biologique notamment au niveau du noyau cellulaire et ainsi permettre de dĂ©velopper des stratĂ©gies radiothĂ©rapeutiques plus efficaces

    Étude gĂ©nĂ©tique et fonctionnelle de variantes de la rĂ©gion chromosomique 3p21 associĂ©e aux maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin

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    Des Ă©tudes de liaison et d’association gĂ©nĂ©tiques ont permis d’identifier certains des facteurs de risque gĂ©nĂ©tiques aux maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin (MII) dans la rĂ©gion chromosomique 3p21. Dans cette rĂ©gion, le polymorphisme nuclĂ©otidique simple (SNP) codant non-synonyme du gĂšne MST1, rs3197999, encodant pour la mutation R689C, a Ă©tĂ© associĂ© et rĂ©pliquĂ© Ă  la fois Ă  la colite ulcĂ©reuse (CU) et Ă  la maladie de Crohn (MC). Un autre SNP, corrĂ©lĂ© Ă  des SNP codants non-synonymes du gĂšne MST1R, a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© associĂ© Ă  la MC. Afin de dĂ©terminer si d’autres variantes des gĂšnes MST1 et MST1R sont associĂ©s Ă  la CU, nous avons testĂ© pour association des SNP de ces gĂšnes. Seul un proxy de R689C a montrĂ© un signal d’association significatif aux MII, ce qui suggĂšre que R689C est la variante causale aux MII dans le gĂšne MST1. En cherchant Ă  dĂ©terminer si la rĂ©gion 3p21 contenait plusieurs signaux d’association mutuellement indĂ©pendants, trois SNP ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s comme possible facteurs de risque indĂ©pendants, et ont Ă©tĂ© gĂ©notypĂ©s dans des cas de CU et de MC et des tĂ©moins, puis nos rĂ©sultats d’association ont Ă©tĂ© combinĂ©s Ă  ceux provenant de trois autres cohortes indĂ©pendantes. Les trois SNP, R689C (MST1), rs6802890 et rs7629936 (CDHR4), sont associĂ©s aux MII, mais une Ă©tude d’association conditionnelle suggĂšre qu’il existe en fait deux signaux d’association mutuellement indĂ©pendants dans la rĂ©gion 3p21. Le signal principal provient de R689C, une mutation de la protĂ©ine MSP. Cette protĂ©ine a un rĂŽle dans l’inflammation chez les macrophages murins, et la migration, la cicatrisation et la survie chez les cellules Ă©pithĂ©liales. Dans cette Ă©tude, le rĂŽle de la MSP a Ă©tĂ© investiguĂ© dans des modĂšles de macrophages humains et de cellules Ă©pithĂ©liales de cĂŽlon, et seule la phosphorylation d’AKT, un acteur dans la voie de signalisation de la survie cellulaire, a Ă©tĂ© modulĂ©e par la MSP dans nos modĂšles. Ce projet a donc permis d’apporter des connaissances sur les facteurs de risques gĂ©nĂ©tiques aux MII dans la rĂ©gion 3p21, en identifiant 2 signaux d’association indĂ©pendants, et en nous informant sur le rĂŽle de MST1, duquel provient le signal d’association principal, chez les cellules humaines.Linkage studies and association studies allowed the discovery of some of the genetic risk factors of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the chromosomal region 3p21. In this region, the non-synonymous coding single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3197999, situated in the gĂšne MST1 and encoding for the mutation R689C, has been associated to UC and CD multiple times, and an other SNP, correlated to non-synonymous coding SNPs in the gene MST1R, has also been associated to CD. In order to verify if other variants of MST1 and MST1R are associatied to UC, we tested the association of some of their SNPs. Apart from R689C, only its proxy showed a significative association signal to IBD. It suggests that R689C might be the causal variant of IBD in the region 3p21. In the aim to determine if the region 3p21 has multiple independant association signals, 3 SNPs have been identified, from the results of a published meta-analysis of UC genome-wide association studies, as being possibly independant risk factors for UC based on their correlation. Their association to IBD and their independance have been tested by genotyping them in a cohort composed of controls, and UC and CD cases. The results of the association tests have been combined, in a meta-analysis, to the results of 3 other independent association studies. The 3 SNPs, R689C (MST1), rs6802890 and rs7629936 (CDHR4) are associated to IBD, but the results of the subsequent conditional association tests suggest that there is only 2 independant association signals in the region 3p21. The main signal is raising from R689C, a mutation of the protein MSP. According to published studies, this protein has a function in the inflammation in murine macrophages, and also in the scattering, wound healing and survival of epithelial cells. In this thesis, we investigated the role of MSP in human macrophage models and in human cĂŽlon epithelial cells, and it has been show that MSP modulates the phosphorylation of AKT, an actor in the pathway of cellular survival. This project brought some knowledges about the IBD genetic risk factors in the region 3p21. We identified 2 independent association signals to IBD in this region, and the main signal is coming from a SNP in MST1, a gene which has a role, based on our results, in the survival in human colon epithelial cells

    ModÚle québécois de développement et gouvernance : entre le partenariat et le néolibéralisme ?

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    Depuis les annĂ©es 1960, on voit se dĂ©ployer trois modĂšles de dĂ©veloppement successifs au QuĂ©bec : fordiste, partenarial et, tout rĂ©cemment, nĂ©olibĂ©ral. Nous prĂ©sentons d'abord les particularitĂ©s quĂ©bĂ©coises de ces trois modĂšles et les modes de gouvernance qui y sont associĂ©. Le fordisme y prend une coloration particuliĂšre puisque des compromis entre l'État, le patronat et les syndicats s'Ă©tablissent pour favoriser la modernisation des entreprises et le dĂ©veloppement rĂ©gional. Les bases du partenariat s'Ă©largissent ensuite, notamment sous la pression des mouvements sociaux. Aujourd'hui, le partenariat État-marchĂ©-sociĂ©tĂ© civile prend un nouveau sens, sous l'influence d'un gouvernement de tendance nĂ©o-libĂ©rale. Nous illustrons ensuite ces divers modĂšles par deux exemples, celui du dĂ©veloppement Ă©conomique communautaire (DEC) et celui du logement communautaire (coopĂ©ratif et associatif). Ces deux secteurs ont ceci de particulier qu'ils articulent le dĂ©veloppement Ă©conomique au dĂ©veloppement social. En ce sens, ils remettent en question le cloisonnement des politiques publiques. Ceci, en grande partie grĂące au rĂŽle jouĂ© par des groupes sociaux Ă©manant de la sociĂ©tĂ© civile dans la construction du modĂšle partenarial. Celui-ci prend un dynamique ascendante (bottom-up), favorisant un nouvel arrangement entre l'État, le marchĂ© et la sociĂ©tĂ© civile. Cette articulation du dĂ©veloppement Ă©conomique et du dĂ©veloppement social se recrĂ©e sur une base locale, Ă  l'initiative des citoyens, souvent conjuguĂ©e Ă  celle des administrations publiques. Les acquis de ce modĂšle sont aujourd'hui mis Ă  risque par une conception Ă©troite des dynamiques de dĂ©veloppement, notamment la nĂ©gation des effets d'externalitĂ©s et de « spillover » de ces externalitĂ©s sur la communautĂ© dans son ensemble. Nous concluons sur les leçons Ă  tirer de ces expĂ©riences

    Simulating shot peen forming with eigenstrains

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    Shot peen forming is a cold work process used to shape thin metallic components by bombarding them with small shots at high velocities. Several simulation procedures have been reported in the literature for this process, but their predictive capabilities remain limited as they systematically require some form of calibration or empirical adjustments. We intend to show how procedures based on the concept of eigenstrains, which were initially developed for applications in other fields of residual stress engineering, can be adapted to peen forming and stress-peen forming. These tools prove to be able to reproduce experimental results when the plastic strain field that develop inside a part is known with sufficient accuracy. They are, however, not mature enough to address the forming of panels that are free to deform during peening. For validation purposes, we peen formed several 1 by 1 m 2024-T3 aluminum alloy panels. These experiments revealed a transition from spherical to cylindrical shapes as the panel thickness is decreased for a given treatment, that we show results from an elastic instability

    Improved resolution and signal-to-noise ratio in laser-ultrasonics by SAFT processing.

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    Laser-ultrasonics is an emerging nondestructive technique using lasers for the generation and detection of ultrasound which presents numerous advantages for industrial inspection. In this paper, the problem of detection by laser-ultrasonics of small defects within a material is addressed. Experimental results obtained with laser-ultrasonics are processed using the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT), yielding improved flaw detectability and spatial resolution. Experiments have been performed on an aluminum sample with a contoured back surface and two flat-bottom holes. Practical interest of coupling SAFT to laser-ultrasonics is also discussed
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