AgandCuloadedonTiO2/graphite as a catalyst for �Escherichia coli- contaminated water disinfection

TiO2 film was synthesized by means of the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method from TiCl4 as a precursor and surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a linking and assem- bling agent of the titanium hydroxide network on a graphite substrate. Ag and Cu were loaded on the TiO2 film by means of electrodeposition at various applied currents. Photoelectrochemical testing on the composite of Ag–TiO2/G and Cu–TiO2/G was used to define the composite for Escherichia coli-contaminated water disinfection. Disinfection efficiency and the rate of disinfection of E. coli-contaminated water with Ag–TiO2/G as a catalyst was higher than that observed for Cu–TiO2/G in all disinfection methods including photocatalysis (PC), electrocatalysis (EC), and photoelectrocatalysis (PEC). The highest rate constant was achieved by the PEC method using Ag–TiO2/G, k was 6.49 × 10−2 CFU mL−1 min−1 . Effective disinfection times of 24 h (EDT24) and 48 h (EDT48) were achieved in all methods except the EC method using Cu–TiO2/G. Keywords: Ag–TiO2/G, Cu–TiO2/G, Escherichia coli, disinfectio

SYNTHESISOF TETRA-p-PROPENYLTETRAESTERCALlX[4]ARENE AND TETRA-p- PROPENYLTETRACARBOXYLICACIDCALlX[4]ARENE FROMp-t-BUTYLPHENOL

ABSTRACT A research has been conducted to synthesize tetra-p-propenyltetraestercalix{4]areneand tetra-ppropenyltetracarboxylicacidcalix[ 4] arene using p-t-butylpheriol as a starting material. The synthesis was carried out in following stages, i.e (1) synthesis of p-t-butylcalix[4]arene from p-t-butylphenol, (2) debutylation of p~tbutylcalix{ 4]arene, (3) tetraallilation of 25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix{4]arene with NaH and aJ/ilbromida in dry tetrahydrofuran, (4) Claissen rearrangement of 25, 26,27, 28-tetrapropenyloxycalix[4]arene, (5) esterification of tetrap-propenyltetrahydroxycalix[4]arene, (6) hydrolisis of tetra-p-propenyltetraestercalix{4]arene. The all structures of products were observed by means of melting point, FTIR, and 1H-NMR spectrometers. Tetra-ppropenyltetraestercalix[ 4]arene compound was obtained as yellow liquid product in 55.08% yield. Tetra- p-propenyltetracarboxylicacidcalix{ 4]arene compound was obtained as white solid product with the melting point 135-137 °C at decomposedand in 70.05%yield. Keywords: calix{4]arene,Claissen rearrangement, esterification, hydrolisi

Pembuatan Kitosan dari Kitin Cangkang Bekicot (Achatina fulica)

Chitosan have been made from chitin that was deacetylated from escargot (Achatina fulica). The purification of chitin was done by deproteination, demineralization, and depigmentation. Identification of chitin and chitosan was done by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Characterization of chitosan was determined by water and mineral content, molecular weight, polymerization degree and degree of deacetylation. The result of research was obtained chitosan 6,95%, crystal, white brownish color, odorless, 3,26±0,45% water content, 10,11±0,38% mineral content, 889,78 molecular weight average with degree of polymerization 5 and degree of deacetylation 74,78-77,99%. Keywords: Achatina fulica, chitin, chitosan, deacetylation

PEMBUATAN MIKROKAPSUL KITOSAN GEL TERSAMBUNG SILANG ETILEN GLIKOL DIGLISIDIL ETER (Psf-Egde-Cts) SEBAGAI ADSORBEN ZAT WARNA Procion Red Mx 8b ( PREPARATION OF MICROCAPSULE OF CHITOSAN GEL BEADS CROSSLINKED WITH ETHYLENE GLYCOL DIGLYCIDYL ETHER (Psf-Egde-Cts) AS ADSORBENT FOR Procion Red Mx 8b Dye)

Microcapsules of chitosan gel beads crosslinked with Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether (PSF-EGDE-CTS) were prepared to improve adsorption capacity and mechanical stability of chitosan at acidic condition. These microcapsules were prepared through three step i.e. the formation of gel beads (CTS), crosslinked CTS with EGDE (EGDE-CTS) and microencapsulation of EGDE-CTS with Polysulfone (PSF-EGDE-CTS). Product characterizations were carried out using FTIR and SEM. The adsorptions were carried out by variation of pH and contact time in order to determine the optimum condition of adsorption. The yield of Microcapsules PSF-EGDE-CTS was 94,79 wt %. The optimum condition of Procion Red MX 8B dye adsorption by PSF-EGDE-CTS is at pH 5 and 24 hours of contact time. The adsorption capacity of PSF-EGDE-CTS is 40,69 mg/g. Keywords : adsorption, chitosan, crosslink, microcapsules, Procion Red MX 8B. Mikrokapsul kitosan gel tersambung silang etilen glikol diglisidil eter (PSF-EGDE-CTS) telah dibuat untuk meningkatkan kemampuan adsorpsi dan stabilitas kitosan dalam kondisi asam. Mikrokapsul PSF-EGDE-CTS dibuat melalui tiga tahap yaitu pembentukan gel (CTS), proses sambung silang dengan EGDE (EGDE-CTS) dan mikroenkapsulasi dengan PSF (PSF-EGDE-CTS). Karakterisasi hasil sintesis dilakukan dengan spektroskopi FTIR dan SEM. Selanjutnya PSF-EGDE-CTS digunakan untuk uji adsorpsi limbah zat warna Procion Red MX 8B. Adsorpsi zat warna Procion Red MX 8B oleh kitosan termodifikasi dilakukan dengan variasi pH dan waktu kontak untuk mencari kondisi optimum adsorpsi. Mikrokapsul PSF-EGDE-CTS yang diperoleh adalah 94,79% (b/b). Kondisi optimum adsorpsi zat warna Procion Red MX 8B oleh PSF-EGDE-CTS terjadi pada pH 5 dan waktu kontak 24 jam. Daya serap PSF-EGDE-CTS pada uji adsorpsi limbah zat warna Procion Red MX 8B adalah sebesar 40,69 mg/g. Kata kunci : adsorpsi, kitosan, mikrokapsul, Procion Red MX 8B

Sintesis Kopoli(Eugenol-DVB) Sulfonat dari Eugenol Komponen Utama Minyak Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum)

Cationic co-polymerization between eugenol and divinilbenzene (DVB) (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12%) with BF3O(C2H5)2 as a catalyst at room temperature without media under nitrogen atmosphere has been investigated. Co-poly (eugenol sulfonate)-DVB has been synthesized by sulfonation of co-poly(eugenol-DVB). In the sulfonation, concentrated sulfuric acid was used as the reagent and Ag2SO4 as a catalyst. Structure and characterization of co-poly (eugenol-DVB) and Co-poly(eugenol sulfonate)-DVB were analyzed by Infra Red (IR), Defferential Thermal Analysis) DTA and UV-Vis. Measurement of the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of copolymer were used Ostwald capillary viscometer. The yields of co-polymerization of eugenol-DVB were solid matter and the highest result was found on a copolymer of 10% of DVB. Its melting point was 69.33o C. The increasing of mole of DVB increase the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of co-poly (eugenol sulfonate)-DVB. A copolymer of 12% of DVB gave the highest molecular weight, Mn = 2984 g/mole. Synthesized of co-poly (eugenol sulfonate)-DVB were solid matter too and the highest result was found on a copolymer of 12% of DVB. Its melting point was 95.5o C. Keywords: Co-polymerization, Sulfonation, Co-poly(eugenol sulfonate)-DV

Sintesis Senyawa Komponen Parfum Etil p-Anisat dari Anetol

Synthesis of ethyl p-anisate from anethole have been done. Ethyl p-anisate is ester coumpound which can use as perfume component. p-anisic acid was synthesized from anethole (1 mole) which oxidixed by KMnO4 (3 moles) at 40o C for 2 hours. Esterification with ethanol carried out at 78,5o C for 6 hours. Identification and determination structure coumpound of product synthesis used spectroscophic methodes (GC, GC-MS and IR). Anethole has been isolated from anise oil as 90,3%. p-Anisic acid and ethyl p-anisate as synthesized products got 45% and 79,9% respectively. Keywords: anethole, p-anisic acid, esterification, ethyl p-anisate

SYNTHESIS OF POLY -5,7 -DIALL YL-25,26,27,28-TETRAHYDROXYCALlX[4]ARENE

ABSTRACT The synthesis of poly-5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arenewere performed in experimental series as follows: (1) Cyclotetramerizationof p-t-butylphenol with NaOH and paraformaldehyde to p-butylcalix[4]arene, (2) Debutylation of p-butylcalix[4]arene using AICI3and phenol to tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene,(3) Allylation reaction using allylbromide to diallyloxy-dihydroxycalix[4]arene,(4) Claisen rearrangement reaction, (5) Cationic polymerization to diallylcalix[4]arenesA.ll of the synthesizedproductswere analyzedby meansof IR spectrometerand 1H-NMR spectrometer. The result of 25,27-diallyloxy-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arenesynthesis was white crystals having m.p. 205-207 °C in 80.95% yield. The synthesis of 5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy-calix[4]arenegave light yellow crystals having m.p. 214-216 °C in 78.67% yield. The polymerization gave poly(5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[ 4]arene)having m.p. 338-340 °C, in 60% yield. Its estimated has a relative molecular weight of 18,738 glmol with the number of unit repetition about 37 monomer units. Keywords: Diallylation, polymerization, Poly-5, 7-diallyl-25, 26, 27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]aren

SYNTHESIS OF POLY-5,7-DIALLYL-25,26,27,28-TETRAHYDROXYCALIX[4]ARENE

The synthesis of poly-5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene were performed in experimental series as follows: (1) Cyclotetramerization of p-t-butylphenol with NaOH and paraformaldehyde to p-butylcalix[4]arene, (2) Debutylation of p-butylcalix[4]arene using AlCl3 and phenol to tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene, (3) Allylation reaction using allylbromide to diallyloxy-dihydroxycalix[4]arene, (4) Claisen rearrangement reaction, (5) Cationic polymerization to diallylcalix[4]arenes. All of the synthesized products were analyzed by means of IR spectrometer and 1H-NMR spectrometer. The result of 25,27-diallyloxy-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene synthesis was white crystals having m.p. 205-207 °C in 80.95% yield. The synthesis of 5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy-calix[4]arene gave light yellow crystals having m.p. 214-216 °C in 78.67% yield. The polymerization gave poly(5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[ 4]arene) having m.p. 338-340 °C, in 60% yield. Its estimated has a relative molecular weight of 18,738 g/mol with the number of unit repetition about 37 monomer units. Keywords: Diallylation, polymerization, Poly-5,7-diallyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]aren

SYNTHESIS OF POLY- TETRA-p-ALLYLCALIX[4]ARENE TETRA ACETIC ACID ADSORBENT FOR Cr(III) AND Pb(II) METAL IONS

This paper discusses the preparation, characterization, and the evaluation of adsorption properties of resin poly-tetra-p-allylcalix[4]arene tetra acetic acid from the p-t-butylphenol. The synthesized resins were applied as an adsorbent for Cr(III) and Pb(II) metal ions. The adsorption was conducted in a batch system by investigating the effects of acidity (pH), contact time and initial concentration of a heavy metal solution. The adsorption of Cr(III) and Pb(II) metal ions on the resin had the optimum pH rating in region of 4–6 and reached the equilibrium condition in 40 minutes. The adsorption of Cr(III) and Pb(II) metal ions on the resin follows the Langmuir isothermal pattern with the linearity constant (R2 ) of Cr(III) and Pb(II) adsorption, whose results were 0.9640 and 0.9716, respectively. The adsorption capacity of Cr(III) and Pb(II) metal ions is 323.0 µmole/g and 33.4 µmole/g , while the adsorption energy is 30.4 kJ/mole and 39.7 kJ/mole, respectively. Most parameters in batch systems confirm that resin is a good adsorbent for Cr(III) and Pb(II), though Cr(III) adsorption was more favorable than that of Pb(II). The outstanding adsorption abilities for Cr(III) and Pb(II) metal ions have exhibited good prospects for disposal application of polluted water and environmental protection

SINTESIS KOPOLI(ANETOL-DVB) SULFONAT SEBAGAI BAHAN ALTERNATIF RESIN PENUKAR KATION

ABSTRACT    A synthesis of copolymer anethole-divinylbenzene (DVB) by cationic polymerization followed with sulfonation reaction has been done. The aim of this research is to synthesize of copolymer as cation exchange resin. Cationic copolymerization of anethole-DVB was done by using BF3O(C2H5)2 catalyst, without medium and under nitrogen atmosphere condition. Sulfonation reaction was done by H2SO4 reagent and Ag2SO4 catalyst. The structural prediction of the synthesis yield was done by functional groups analysis with  FTIR spectrophotometer, while characterization of copolymer was done by thermal analysis using DTA (Differencial Thermal Analysis). The relative molecular weight of copolymer was determined by viscometry method. The copolymer tested as cation exchange resin by exchanging H+ (SO3H group) with Ca2+ in a column. The level of cationic exchanging capacity of copoly(anethole-DVB) sulfonat resin was determined by measuring the Ca2+ that replace H+ at resin using AAS.    Result of copolymerization of anethole-DVB was moon green coloured solid with relative molecular weight equal to 24,789 g/mole. Result of sulfonation was purple colored solid. Result of DTA analysis showed that degradation of copoly(anethole-DVB) begin at 550 oC, while degradation of copoly(anethole-DVB) sulfonate begin at 840 oC. AAS analysis showed the exchanging capacity of copoly(anethole-DVB) sulfonate equal to 296.756 meq Ca2+ ion/g of copolymer.Keywords    :    Anethole, cationic copolymerization, sulfonation reaction, cation exchange resin, copoly(anethole-DVB) sulfonat