The Developing Methodology for Analyzing Privacy Torts

The authors assert the need for a common method of analyzing privacy situations that can be applied consistently by practitioners, juries and courts. They contend that confusion exists as to the legal basis of privacy torts because the right of privacy, as originally conceived by Warren and Brandeis, was never adequately defined. Prosser\u27s analysis of privacy torts departs from the Warren and Brandeis formulation and, according to the authors, also can be criticized for lack of definition. The authors present a new methodology that analyzes privacy torts based upon the scope of consent standard. They maintain that the result will be the protection of the right of privacy as originally conceived by Warren and Brandeis

Synthesis and crystal structure of the europium(II) hydride oxide iodide Eu5H2O2I4 showing blue-green luminescence

As the first europium(II) hydride oxide iodide, dark red single crystals of Eu5H2O2I4 could be synthesized from oxygen-contaminated mixtures of EuH2 and EuI2. Its orthorhombic crystal structure (a = 1636.97(9) pm, b = 1369.54(8) pm, c = 604.36(4) pm, Z = 4) was determined via single-crystal X-ray diffraction in the space group Cmcm. Anion-centred tetrahedra [HEu4]7+ and [OEu4]6+ serve as central building blocks interconnected via common edges to infinite ribbons parallel to the c axis. These ribbons consist of four trans-edge connected (Eu2+)4 tetrahedra as repetition unit, two H−-centred ones in the inner part, and two O2−-centred ones representing the outer sides. They are positively charged, according to ∞1{[Eu5H2O2]4+}, to become interconnected and charge-balanced by iodide anions. Upon excitation with UV light, the compound shows blue–green luminescence with the shortest Eu2+ emission wavelength ever observed for a hydride derivative, peaking at 463 nm. The magnetic susceptibility of Eu5H2O2I4 follows the Curie-Weiss law down to 100 K, and exhibits a ferromagnetic ordering transition at about 10 K

La globalización y el malestar en la democracia

El origen de este texto es una conferencia en el VII Congreso de la FES (Salamanca, 20-22 de septiembre de 2001) con el título "Estados, mercados y ciudadanía". Publicado en: Revista Internacional de Filosofía Política, 20: 5-24, 2002.En años recientes se ha convertido en un lugar común la idea de que los ciudadanos de los países democráticos, independientemente de que apoyen esta forma de gobierno por encima de cualquier otra, otorgan un nivel de confianza muy bajo a las instituciones de la democracia representativa, desde los partidos y los parlamentos hasta los gobiernos (Nye et al., 1997; Norris, 1999; Pharr y Putnam, 2000). En América Latina, además, los alarmantes resultados del Latinobarómetro de 2001 (Economist, 2001) hicieron temer que, ante la mala marcha de la economía, la insatisfacción de los ciudadanos pudiera conducir de forma imparable a la erosión del apoyo a la propia democracia.Proyecto Desconfianza Política y Gobernación Democrática (BSO2000- 1082) del Plan Nacional de I+D (Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, España)Peer reviewe

Characterization of a Natural Mutator Variant of Human DNA Polymerase l which Promotes Chromosomal Instability by Compromising NHEJ

PLoS ONE 4(10): e7290.Background: DNA polymerase lambda (Poll) is a DNA repair polymerase, which likely plays a role in base excision repair (BER) and in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Principal Findings: Here, we described a novel natural allelic variant of human Poll (hPoll) characterized by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), C/T variation in the first base of codon 438, resulting in the amino acid change Arg to Trp. In vitro enzyme activity assays of the purified W438 Poll variant revealed that it retained both DNA polymerization and deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) lyase activities, but had reduced base substitution fidelity. Ectopic expression of the W438 hPoll variant in mammalian cells increases mutation frequency, affects the DSB repair NHEJ pathway, and generates chromosome aberrations. All these phenotypes are dependent upon the catalytic activity of the W438 hPoll. Conclusions: The expression of a cancer-related natural variant of one specialized DNA polymerase can be associated to generic instability at the cromosomal level, probably due a defective NHEJ. These results establish that chromosomal aberrations can result from mutations in specialized DNA repair polymerases.This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia Grants BFU2006-14390/BMC, CONSOLIDER CSD2007-00015 and Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid Grants P2006/BIO-0306 to L.B., by INCa ‘‘Checkpol’’, ARC, and ‘‘Ligue contre le Cancer (Region Midi-Pyrenees)’’ to J-S.H., by the Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS to T.A.K., by SAF2002-02265 to A.V., and by an institutional grant to Centro de Biologia Molecular ‘‘Severo Ochoa’’ from Fundacion Ramon Areces. G.T. was recipient of a fellowship from the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia. A.V. is an Investigator of the Ramon y Cajal ProgramPeer reviewe

Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 32, No. 4

• Frakturs • Apple Head Dolls are Unique • Tableware and Dutch Folklore • The Pipemaker • Wheat Weaving • Beekeeping: Past and Present • The Pennsylvania Longrifle • Festival Focus • Folk Festival Programs • Quilts • The Country Butcher • Stained Glass • Metal Casting in Sand • Is This Pure Leather? • The Horse and Carriage • Marquetry, Parquetry and Intarsia • Pennsylvania Dutch Cookinghttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/1100/thumbnail.jp

Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in psoriasis and results of a randomized placebo controlled trial with a CCR5 inhibitor

Several reports have indicated that the chemokine receptor CCR5 and its ligands, especially CCL5 (formerly known as RANTES), may play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the expression of CCR5 and its ligands in chronic plaque psoriasis and to evaluate the clinical and immunohistochemical effect of a CCR5 receptor inhibitor. Immunohistochemical analysis showed low but significant increased total numbers of CCR5 positive cells in epidermis and dermis of lesional skin in comparison to non-lesional skin. However, relative expression of CCR5 proportional to the cells observed revealed that the difference between lesional and non-lesional skin was only statistically significant in the epidermis for CD3 positive cells and in the dermis for CD68 positive cells. Quantification of mRNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction only showed an increased expression of CCL5 (RANTES) in lesional skin. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial in 32 psoriasis patients revealed no significant clinical effect and no changes at the immunohistochemical level comparing patients treated with placebo or a CCR5 inhibitor SCH351125. We conclude that although CCR5 expression is increased in psoriatic lesions, this receptor does not play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis

LC/MS-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Paraffin-Embedded Archival Melanomas Reveals Potential Proteomic Biomarkers Associated with Metastasis

BACKGROUND: Melanoma metastasis status is highly associated with the overall survival of patients; yet, little is known about proteomic changes during melanoma tumor progression. To better understand the changes in protein expression involved in melanoma progression and metastasis, and to identify potential biomarkers, we conducted a global quantitative proteomic analysis on archival metastatic and primary melanomas. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS: A total of 16 metastatic and 8 primary cutaneous melanomas were assessed. Proteins were extracted from laser captured microdissected formalin fixed paraffin-embedded archival tissues by liquefying tissue cells. These preparations were analyzed by a LC/MS-based label-free protein quantification method. More than 1500 proteins were identified in the tissue lysates with a peptide ID confidence level of >75%. This approach identified 120 significant changes in protein levels. These proteins were identified from multiple peptides with high confidence identification and were expressed at significantly different levels in metastases as compared with primary melanomas (q-Value<0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: The differentially expressed proteins were classified by biological process or mapped into biological system networks, and several proteins were implicated by these analyses as cancer- or metastasis-related. These proteins represent potential biomarkers for tumor progression. The study successfully identified proteins that are differentially expressed in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of metastatic and primary melanoma

Distinct Kinetics of Memory B-Cell and Plasma-Cell Responses in Peripheral Blood Following a Blood-Stage Plasmodium chabaudi Infection in Mice

B cell and plasma cell responses take place in lymphoid organs, but because of the inaccessibility of these organs, analyses of human responses are largely performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). To determine whether PBMC are a useful source of memory B cells and plasma cells in malaria, and whether they reflect Plasmodium-specific B cell responses in spleen or bone marrow, we have investigated these components of the humoral response in PBMC using a model of Plasmodium chabaudi blood-stage infections in C57BL/6 mice. We detected memory B cells, defined as isotype-switched IgD− IgM− CD19+ B cells, and low numbers of Plasmodium chabaudi Merozoite Surface Protein-1 (MSP1)-specific memory B cells, in PBMC at all time points sampled for up to 90 days following primary or secondary infection. By contrast, we only detected CD138+ plasma cells and MSP1-specific antibody-secreting cells within a narrow time frame following primary (days 10 to 25) or secondary (day 10) infection. CD138+ plasma cells in PBMC at these times expressed CD19, B220 and MHC class II, suggesting that they were not dislodged bone-marrow long-lived plasma cells, but newly differentiated migratory plasmablasts migrating to the bone marrow; thus reflective of an ongoing or developing immune response. Our data indicates that PBMC can be a useful source for malaria-specific memory B cells and plasma cells, but extrapolation of the results to human malaria infections suggests that timing of sampling, particularly for plasma cells, may be critical. Studies should therefore include multiple sampling points, and at times of infection/immunisation when the B-cell phenotypes of interest are likely to be found in peripheral blood

The Colocalization Potential of HIV-Specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-Cells is Mediated by Integrin β7 but Not CCR6 and Regulated by Retinoic Acid

CD4+ T-cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) are major targets for HIV-1 infection. Recruitment of excess effector CD8+ T-cells in the proximity of target cells is critical for the control of viral replication. Here, we investigated the colocalization potential of HIV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells into the GALT and explored the role of retinoic acid (RA) in regulating this process in a cohort of HIV-infected subjects with slow disease progression. The expression of the gut-homing molecules integrin β7, CCR6, and CXCR3 was identified as a “signature” for HIV-specific but not CMV-specific CD4+ T-cells thus providing a new explanation for their enhanced permissiveness to infection in vivo. HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells also expressed high levels of integrin β7 and CXCR3; however CCR6 was detected at superior levels on HIV-specific CD4+ versus CD8+ T-cells. All trans RA (ATRA) upregulated the expression of integrin β7 but not CCR6 on HIV-specific T-cells. Together, these results suggest that HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells may colocalize in excess with CD4+ T-cells into the GALT via integrin β7 and CXCR3, but not via CCR6. Considering our previous findings that CCR6+CD4+ T-cells are major cellular targets for HIV-DNA integration in vivo, a limited ability of CD8+ T-cells to migrate in the vicinity of CCR6+CD4+ T-cells may facilitate HIV replication and dissemination at mucosal sites