Male Fertility Preservation: A boon for young cancer survivors

Diagnosis of any ailment especially cancer is found to be pivotal to evaluating the type of treatment that needs to be administered to man. It aids in subsequent prognosis and timely recovery in patients. When concerned with male cancer survivors, the emphasis on their fertility health is always an issue. As the numbers of survivors are increasing day by day due to the advanced medical and technological approaches, man could look with confidence to a life of ease from cancer. To review and compile all the feasible as well as relevant information about the preservation of male fertility from published resources. Reputed databases were searched for content based on specific keywords like “fertility preservation after cancer treatment", "methods of male gamete preservation", "methods of semen collection for preservation", "fertility preservation", "erectile dysfunction" and "testicular cancer and fertility". The year of publication for articles under study was restricted from 2016-2021 in most of the databases. It was found that oncologists generally recommended preservation of the male fertility before the commencement of the cancer treatment procedures. Preservation of fertility among young men should be considered in all patients before initiating any kind of prognosis related to the disease

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) - A macromolecule and its impact on human reproduction during COVID-19 pandemic

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-nCoV-2). It has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Since then, several researchers have worked/ are working on this virus by a multifactorial approach to finding out the mechanism of entry, transmission route, post-infection replication process, survival, and post-recovery utilities. As we know, SARS, MERS, and Zika viruses have affected human reproductive potentials, consequently, COVID 19 also can affect both men's and women's reproductive potential through ACE2 macromolecule. This study aimed to summarize the role of ACE2- macromolecule in COVID 19 entry and further processes in the reproductive path of both men and women. Research articles were searched in NCBI-NLM, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. We searched based on the phrase “COVID 19”, “ACE2”, “ACE2 in testes”, “ACE2 in the female reproductive tract”, “ACE2 during pregnancy”, “ACE2 during early embryo”, “COVID 19 and impact in human reproduction” and selected the articles for summarizing this article. Most recent articles and the mechanism of COVID 19 were selected for our understanding. The results of the study revealed that  COVID 19 impacts the reproductive potential of both men and women. Testes are the most vulnerable organ prone to infection in men, and vaginal fluid and the uterus could be the choice of infection in the female. Till now, COVID 19 has not been directly detected in semen samples and vaginal fluid. Results of the study can be concluded that ACE2 plays a major role in COVID 19 infection, ACE2 expression could be more in the testes, ovary, uterus, and vagina. COVID 19 could impact more on human reproduction and lead to a loss of fertility status for a while. All antiviral treatments could pose a negative impact on human reproduction. Further research should be carried out on the already existing theoretical hypothesis of SARS-Co-V-2 on human reproduction

Ethnomedicines’ effects on the process of vascularisation in embryonated chicken eggs

731-738Angiogenesis (vascularisation) is a vivacious progression during embryonic development, which is required for the growth, development, wound healing and maintenance. However, the process may turn into pathological conditions; excessive angiogenesis occurs in diseases such as cancer, diabetic blindness, age related macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, etc., whereas insufficient angiogenesis occurs in diseases like coronary artery disease and chronic wounds. Since ancient times, the human population has been dependent on plants for deriving medicines to cure diseases. In the present study, aqueous extract of 04 ethnomedicinal plants parts, Butea monosperma (Kamarkas), Dioscorea hispida (Beychandi), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Mesua ferrea (Nagkesar), were evaluated for modulation of angiogenesis in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs. Out of these 04, B. monosperma revealed mild inhibitory effects on angiogenesis. M. fragrans and D. hispida inhibited angiogenesis, but also showed detrimental effect on growth of normal CAM with irregular outgrowths in form of projections and uneven thickness. The M. ferrea revealed its potential as antiangiogenic material by inhibiting the vascularisation by reducing the number of blood vessels without effecting normal morphology of CAM tissue. The study paves way to screen ethnomedicinal wealth for screening of plant produce for therapeutic purposes in ameliorating angiogenic disorders

Synergistic Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Micropropagation of Eclipta alba: A Plant with Diverse Medicinal Properties

Synergism between various plant growth regulators is reported to be a key factor for the development of efficient in vitro propagation for any plant. Therefore, the current study examines the synergistic impact of plant growth regulators on in vitro propagation of Eclipta alba, an important medicinal plant possessing diverse medicinal properties. For the establishment of aseptic cultures, nodal segments were employed as explants on MS medium supplemented with 2.5 μM of 6-benzyle adenine (BA). Varying concentrations of BA and Kinetin (KIN)(0.0-5.0 μM), either alone or in combination with α- naphthalene acetic acid (NAA @ 0.0-5.0 μM) and indole 3-acetic acid (IAA@ 0.0-5.0 μM), were found to be effective for promoting shoot proliferation. Compared to KIN, BA was found to promote shoot proliferation and elongation more effectively. Further, the addition of 0.5μM NAA in the MS medium supplemented with 2.5 μM of BA increased shoot multiplication and elongation frequency from 58 and 17 percent to 65 and 21 percent respectively. The rooting frequency was found to be maximum on 1/2 strength MS medium supplemented with 5.0 μM of indole 3-butyric acid (IBA), which was found to be a superior auxin for inducing roots as compared to the NAA and IAA. With a 75% survival rate, in vitro raised plantlets were effectively acclimatized first in a poly house and later under greenhouse conditions. Molecular analysis was carried out using RAPD markers, with results indicating that the micropropagated plants were genetically identical to the mother plant. The developed micropropagation protocol for E. alba can be used at the commercial level for the mass multiplication of plants

Machine learning for the classification of breast cancer tumor: a comparative analysis

The detection and diagnosis of Breast cancer at an early stage is a challenging task. With the increase in emerging technologies such as data mining tools, along with machine learning algorithms, new prospects in the medical field for automatic diagnosis have been developed, with which the prediction of a disease at an early stage is possible. Early detection of the disease may increase the survival rate of patients. The main purpose of the study was to predict breast cancer disease as benign or malignant by using supervised machine learning algorithms such as the K-nearest neighbor (K-NN), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and random forest (RF) and to compare their performance in terms of the accuracy, precision, F1 score, support, and AUC. The experimental results demonstrated that the MLP achieved a high prediction accuracy of 99.4%, followed by random forest (96.4%) and K-NN (76.3%). The diagnosis rates of the MLP, random forest and K-NN were 99.9%, 99.6%, and 73%, respectively. The study provides a clear idea of the accomplishments of classification algorithms in terms of their prediction ability, which can aid healthcare professionals in diagnosing chronic breast cancer efficiently

Monkeypox Disease: History, Epidemiology, Threat Assessment, and Management Strategies

Infection with the monkeypox virus is more prevalent among genus Funisciurus squirrels, less prevalent among genus Heliosurus squirrels, and rare among forest monkeys. These squirrels inhabit secondary woods close to human settlements in rural Zaire, particularly where oil palm is cultivated. In Prime Rain Forest, they are in short supply. The monkeypox virus often affects children between the ages of 5 and 9, particularly in rural settings where children hunt and consume squirrels and other small animals. Animal husbandry will minimize the danger and occurrence of human monkeypox, even in areas where the virus has spread to squirrels, as the human population grows and relies primarily on animals for animal protein. Population expansion and economic development in West and Central Africa may lessen the danger of monkeypox infection in people, but visitors who interact with animals should be vaccinated against smallpox. The spread of monkeypox can be stopped by measures such as post-exposure vaccination, contact tracing, case identification, and isolation of infectious patients. The recent monkeypox incidence is of further concern in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic

Poboljšanje potisnute imunoreaktivnosti prouzročene virusom zarazne anemije pilića upotrebom imunomodulatora i hematika.

Nutritional immunomodulation represents a new frontier area of research for achieving rational goals of efficient and healthy livestock production, as continuous genetic selection and intensive productions systems have made the animals highly susceptible to various pathogens. In this study, the amelioration of haematinic and immunomodulator on chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) induced immmunosupression was studied, with regard to haematological and immunological parameters. Vaccines against Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) were used as markers for immunological parameter studies. A total of 80 specific pathogen free (SPF) broiler chicks, negative for CIAV antibodies, were randomly divided into four groups (Group I-IV) and were vaccinated against ND and IBD on days 1 and 12, respectively. All chicks of groups II, II and IV were inoculated with CIAV intramuscularly on day 15 of the study, while group I served as control. The chicks of group III and IV were treated with a haematinic (haemocare) and haematinic (haemocare) + immunomodulator (Immuno care), respectively, in drinking water for the entire study period (28 days). Live body weights, haematological parameters, along with humoral immune response (HIR) were measured at regular intervals. The CIAV infected groups showed a significant decline in cell count of erythrocyte and most leukocyte lineages, reduction in live body weights, and antibody titres against ND and IBD viruses. Theintensity of body weight loss, anaemia, leukopenia and depressed humoral immune responses were less severe in CIAV infected chicks fed with haematenic and immunomodulator supplementation diets. Interestingly, dually treated chicks (group IV) had a significantly higher response than the group treated by haematinic alone . In conclusion, the use of immunomodulator plus haematinic supplementation is suggested for providing better protection compared to haematinic supplementation alone, and the combination can be used for prophylaxis and therapeutic purposes against CIA, an economically important and emerging disease of poultry.Imunomodulacija putem hrane predstavlja novo područje istraživanja s ciljem da se postigne učinkovita proizvodnja zdrave stoke, jer su trajni genetski odabir i zahtjevni proizvodni sustavi učinili životinje visoko prijemljivima na različite patogene. U ovom je radu, na osnovi hematoloških i imunoloških pokazatelja, istražen učinak hematika i imunomodulatora na imunosupresiju izazvanu virusom zarazne anemije pilića. Cjepiva protiv newcastleske bolesti i zaraznog burzitisa kokoši rabljena su kao osnova za istraživanje imunoloških pokazatelja. Ukupno je 80 tovnih pilića, slobodnih od specifičnih patogenih uzročnika, negativnih na protutijela za virus zarazne anemije pilića, bilo nasumce podijeljeno u četiri skupine (I-IV) te prvog dana cijepljeno protiv newcastleske bolesti, a 12. dana protiv zaraznog burzitisa kokoši. Svi pilići skupine II, III i IV bili su intramuskularno zaraženi virusom zarazne anemije pilića 15. dana pokusa, dok je skupina I bila kontrolna. Pilići skupine III dobivali su hematik, a skupine IV hematik i imunomodulator u pitkoj vodi tijekom čitavog razdoblja istraživanja (28 dana). Tjelesna masa, hematološki pokazatelji i humoralni imunosni odgovor bili su mjereni u pravilnim razmacima. Skupina zaražena virusom zarazne anemije pokazivala je značajni pad broja eritrocita i leukocita te smanjenje tjelesne mase i titra protutijela za virus newcastleske bolesti i virus zaraznog burzitisa. Gubitak tjelesne mase, anemija, leukopenija i humoralni imunosni odgovor bili su slabiji u pilića zaraženih virusom zarazne anemije koji su dobivali hematik i imunomodulator u hrani. Zanimljivo je da je u pilića koji su dobivali dvostruki dodatak (skupina IV) zabilježen značajno bolji odgovor nego u pilića koji su dobivali samo hematik. Može se zaključiti da je upotreba imunomodulatora i hematika pružila bolju zaštitu u odnosu na upotrebu samog hematika. Kombinacija se može upotrijebiti za profilaksu i terapiju protiv zarazne anemije pilića, gospodarski važne i emergentne zarazne bolesti

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in Dairy Cattle of Chitwan, Nawalpur and Rupandehi Districts of Nepal

The cross-sectional study from July 2018 to September 2018 was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cattle of the Chitwan, Nawalpur, and Rupandehi districts of Nepal. The existence of antibodies against IBR was investigated in 92 serum samples obtained systematically from 55 cattle herds using Indirect-ELISA. A questionnaire interview was done to collect individual and herd-level data. The association between categorical variables and the outcome variable (seropositive) was assessed by bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis in SPSS version 19.0. The seroprevalence of IBR was 18.48% (95% CI: 11.1-27.9), and district, breed, and herd size were identified as potential risk factors for IBR seropositivity. Significantly higher risk for IBR was found in Chitwan (Percentage-Positive “PP” = 36.37%; Odd ratio “OR” = 5.211; p = 0.008) than in Nawalpur (PP = 9.38%; OR = 0.931) and Rupandehi (PP = 10.00%). PP of IBR was significantly higher in Jersey crosses (PP = 30.00%; OR = 2.893; p = 0.048) than Holstein Friesian crosses (PP = 12.90%). Similarly, herds with more than 10 cattle (PP = 33.33%; OR = 4.167; p = 0.042) were found significantly at higher odds for seropositivity than herds having less than 10 cattle (PP = 10.71%). Due to the moderate prevalence of IBR among cattle in Nepal, this study recommends conducting additional planned research on IBR at the national level to safeguard the country's dairy businesses from potential financial losses

Prevalencija i analiza molekulske heterogenosti vrsta Campylobacter jejuni i Campylobacter coli izdvojenih iz ljudi, peradi i goveda u Pantnagaru u Indiji.

Thermophilic campylobacters are the leading cause of food -borne bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Reports regarding the prevalence of campylobacters in India are very few and no report on the use of molecular typing tools is available for this important pathogen. In the present study, a total of 612 stool/fecal samples collected from humans (n = 260), poultry (n = 239) and cattle (n = 113) were examined for the presence of thermophilic campylobacters by direct plating on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar plates, and employing conventional morphological and biochemical tests. Of these, only 43 samples showed positive Campylobacter colonies. Further, genus and species level identification and confirmation by multiplex PCR revealed the isolates from human (4) and cattle (1) to be Campylobacter jejuni, whereas, out of 38 isolates from poultry, 29 (76.32%) and 9 (23.68%) were C. coli and C. jejuni, respectively. The genetic diversity of the isolates studied by flaA-RFLP typing, using DdeI restriction enzyme, revealed the presence of 11 and 7 flatypes among the 14 C. jejuni and 29 C. coli isolates, respectively. Dendrogram analysis showed that one of the C. jejuni isolates from poultry shared 100% genetic similarity with the human isolate. The prevalence rate in human, poultry and cattle was estimated to be 1.54, 15.89 and 0.88%, respectively, with a comparatively high prevalence of C. coli in poultry. This study appears to be the first of its kind from India, on the application of multiplex PCR and flaA-RFLP typing of Campylobacter isolates obtained from a variety of sources.Termofilni kampilobakteri vodeći su uzrok bakterijskog gastroenteritisa diljem svijeta koji se prenose hranom. Izvješća o njihovoj prevalenciji u Indiji su rijetka, a potpuno nedostaju izvješća o upotrebi molekularnih metoda za njihovu tipizaciju. U ovom je istraživanju bilo pretraženo ukupno 612 uzoraka i to 260 uzoraka stolice ljudi, 239 uzoraka izmeta peradi te 113 uzoraka izmeta goveda na prisutnost termofilnih kampilobaktera izravnim nasađivanjem na preinačen cefoperazon deoksikolatni agar s drvenim ugljenom. Uzročnik je bio identificiran uobičajenim testovima za određivanje morfologije i biokemijskih osobina. Kolonije kampilobaktera dokazane su samo u 43 pretražena uzorka. Daljnjim postupkom identifikacije na razini roda i vrste te potvrde višestrukom lančanom reakcijom polimerazom dokazano je da su četiri izolata iz ljudi i jedan iz goveda pripadali vrsti Campylobacter jejuni, dok je od 38 izolata iz peradi njih 29 (76,32 %) pripadalo vrsti C. coli, a 9 (23,68 %) vrsti C. jejuni. Istraživanjem genetske raznolikosti izolata na osnovi polimorfizma dužine restrikcijskog fragmenta gena flaA uporabom restrikcijskog enzima DdeI dokazano je 11 fla tipova među 14 izolata vrste C. jejuni i sedam fla tipova među 29 izolata C. coli. Analiza dendrograma je pokazala da je jedan izolat C. jejuni iz peradi bio identičan izolatu iz ljudi. Procijenjena prevalencija u ljudi iznosila je 1,54, u peradi 15,89, a u goveda 0,88 %, s relativno velikom prevalencijom vrste C. coli u peradi. Ovo je prvo istraživanje takve vrste u Indiji