Single nucleotide variations of the canine RAD51 domains, which directly binds PALB2 and BRCA2

Tumors of the mammary glands are the most common tumors to affect entire female dogs representing between 50-70% of all tumors types, which is three times higher rate of incidence than humans. No other animal species has such high probability of onset of mammary tumors. Homologous recombination (HR) is the most important double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair mechanisms of DNA and RAD51 plays an important role in this repair mechanism. The tumor suppressors RAD51, BRCA2 and PALB2 act together to initiate the chromosomal lesions repair. BRCA2 and PALB2 mutations lead to destabilization of the genome and engender cancer risk. PALB2 binds to DNA and associates with the RAD51 recombinase. In this study we investigate the genetic variations in RAD51 gene, which directly interactions with PALB2 and BRCA2 domains. From a total of 64 canine patients with mammary tumors, 31 mammary tumors with benign and malign carcinomas and the 3 normal mammary glands were used for the study. We have identified 2 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) and 7 SNVs (Single Nucleotide Variants) in canine RAD51 exon 7- intron 9 regions, among them 7 SNVs and 1 SNPs were detected for the first time in this study

Multivesicular cysts in cattle: Characterisation of unusual hydatid cyst morphology caused by Echinococcus granulosus

YILDIZ, Kader/0000-0001-5802-6156WOS: 000278678500025PubMed: 20207486Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis, not only often causes unilocular cysts in intermediate hosts, but also in rare cases induces formation of multivesicular cysts which have similar morphology to alveolar cysts. The aim of the present study was to characterise multivesicular and unilocular hydatid cysts in cattle using morphologic and molecular diagnostic tools. Multivesicular cysts were detected in 4 out of 1255 slaughtered cows. Four unilocular cysts were also included in the study to compare with multivesicular cyst morphology. For histopathological evaluation, tissues were fixed in 10% neutral formalin. Following a routine histological tissue-processing procedure, samples were embedded in paraffin blocks and serial sections were cut at a thickness of 4-5 mu m. For polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cyst walls and/or protoscolices recovered from six materials were preserved in 70% alcohol. Histopathologically, severity of calcification, fibrous capsule formation and giant cell layer were similar for multivesicular and unilocular cysts. However, the severity of subcapsular inflammation, inflammatory cell infiltration into adjacent organ parenchyma and eosinophil leucocyte infiltration into the cyst lumen was higher in multivesicular cysts. PCR analyses revealed that all unilocular hydatid cysts as well as two out of four multivesicular cysts were G1 genotype of E. granulosus. Molecular diagnosis of the other two multivesicular structures remained inconclusive as DNAs obtained from paraffin-embedded cyst walls were fragmented to small parts, as short as 100 bp, which were not suitable for PCR analyses. In conclusion, molecular analysis concomitant to histopathological examinations is useful in differential diagnosis of multivesicular echinococcosis. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Modification of Animal Products for Fat and Other Characteristics: The Role of Biotechnology in Improvement of Livestock: Animal Health and Biotechnology

This chapter includes information about modification of animal products using biotechnology and the importance of different modifications on the natural composition. The species considered for modified products include beef and dairy cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, and a wide variety of fishes. Moreover, the discussion includes the importance of animal food, nongenetically engineered animal modified food products, genetically engineered animal modified food items primarily for meat, milk, or egg and genetically engineered animal food along the transgenic approach for animal welfare. Modern biotechnology can improve productivity, consistency, and quality of alter animal food, fiber, and medical products. The transgenic technology is potentially valuable to alter characters of economic importance in a rapid and precise way. The food safety issue related to genetic engineering is also included in this chapter. The harm of such modified food and transgenic strategy should also be understood by the reader along with its advantages. In this context, transgenic approaches in animal biotechnology are under discussion that ranges from animal food production to their adverse effects

Examination of epithelial tissue cytokine response to natural peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection in sheep and goats by immunohistochemistry

In this study, we aimed to evaluate expression of IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ and iNOS in lingual, buccal mucosa and lung epithelial tissue using immunoperoxidase technique and to compare with the tissues of control animals. The tissues used in the study were collected from 17 PPRV-affected and 5 healthy sheep and goats. In PPRV positive animals, the lungs, lingual and buccal mucosa had significantly higher iNOS, IFN-γ and TNF-α expressions compared to control group animals. There was no significant difference between PPRV positive and control groups for IL-4 and IL-10 expressions of epithelial tissues. In conclusion, the epithelial tissues infected by PPRV showed significant iNOS, IFN-γ and TNF-α expressions and they might play an important role in the initiation and regulation of cytokine response, as they take place in the first host barrier to be in contact with PPRV. It is suggested that the more epithelial damage produced by PPRV the more cytokine response may result in the infected epithelial cells. The first demonstration of iNOS expression and epithelial cytokine response to PPRV in natural cases is important because it may contribute to an early initiation of systemic immunity against PPRV infection, in addition to direct elimination of the virus during the initial epithelial phase of the infectio

eNOS and iNOS trigger apoptosis in the brains of sheep and goats naturally infected with the border disease virus

In this study, apoptotic and anti-apoptotic mechanisms and if present, which pathway to trigger the apoptosis in the brains of Border Disease Virus (BDV) infected lambs (n=10) and goat kids (n=5) were investigated. Briefly, apoptotic (caspase 3, caspase 9) and anti-apoptotic markers (Bcl-2), cytokine response (TNF-α, INF-γ), reactive gliosis and myelin loss were examined. eNOS, iNOS, caspase 9, caspase 3 and GFAP expressions were higher in BDV infected tissues compared to control animals (6 kids and 6 lambs) (p<0.05). Double immunoperoxidase test revelaed that TUNEL positive apoptotic cells showed significant association with increased eNOS-iNOS and iNOS-BDV expressions. However, no significant differences were found for TNFR1, TNF-α and INF-γ expressions in BD (p>0.05). There was a positive correlation between the intensity of myelin loss, GFAP activity and severity of infection. Inconclusion, as a novel finding, it is established that eNOS and iNOS overexpressions are coassociated with apoptosis in BDV infected neurons and neuroglia. The results also strongly suggested that BDV infected apoptotic cells mainly prefer the intrinsic pathway that might be most likely related to increased nitric oxide levels

The Role of Biotechnology in Improvement of livestock. Animal health and biotechnology

This book examines how biotechnology can improve livestock breeding and farming, and thereby also animal products. In the first chapters the reader will discover which techniques and approaches are currently used to improve animal breeding, animal health and the value of animal products. Particular attention is given to reproduction techniques, animal nutrition and livestock vaccines that not only enhance animal health but also have a significant effect on human health by ensuring safe food procurement and preventing zoonotic diseases. In addition, modern biotechnology can increase not only productivity but also the consistency and quality of animal food, fiber and medical products. In the second part of the book, issues such as how animal biotechnology could affect the environment and the important topic of animal waste management are explored. In the concluding chapter, the authors discuss future challenges related to animal biotechnology. This work will appeal to a wide readership, from scientists and professionals working in animal production, to those in farm animal management and veterinary scienc

Increased Expressions of ADAMTS-13, Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase, and Neurofilament Correlate with Severity of Neuropathology in Border Disease Virus-Infected Small Ruminants

<div><p>Border Disease (BD), caused by <i>Pestivirus</i> from the family <i>Flaviviridae</i>, leads to serious reproductive losses and brain anomalies such as hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in aborted fetuses and neonatal lambs. In this report it is aimed to investigate the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease with Thrombospondin type I repeats-13 (ADAMTS-13), and neurofilament (NF) in the brain tissue in small ruminants infected with Border Disease Virus (BDV) and to identify any correlation between hypomyelinogenesis and BD neuropathology. Results of the study revealed that the levels of ADAMTS-13 (<i>p</i><0.05), nNOS (<i>p</i><0.05), and NF (<i>p</i><0.05) were remarkably higher in BDV-infected brain tissue than in the uninfected control. It was suggested that L-arginine-NO synthase pathway is activated after infection by BDV and that the expression of NF and nNOS is associated with the severity of BD. A few studies have focused on ADAMTS-13 expression in the central nervous system, and its function continues to remain unclear. The most prominent finding from our study was that ADAMTS-13, which contain two CUB domains, has two CUB domains and its high expression levels are probably associated with the development of the central nervous system (CNS). The results also clearly indicate that the interaction of ADAMTS-13 and NO may play an important role in the regulation and protection of the CNS microenvironment in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, NF expression might indicate the progress of the disease. To the best of the authors’knowledge, this is the first report on ADAMTS-13 expression in the CNS of BDV-infected small ruminants.</p></div

Histological section of brain tissue was that widespread observing shrinkage, degenerations and necrosis in the neurons (arrows).

<p>H&E, Bar = 50 μm (A) Immunohistochemical detection of intense BDV antigen. Note the positive immunolabelling (red pigment) in degenerative/necrotic neuron cytoplasm (arrows) and glial cells (arrowhead). ABC technique (anti-BVD), Mayer's hematoxylin counterstain, Bar, 100 μm (B) Severe hypomyelination, the myelin site was not painted at all (arrow). Positive control (small photo in the corner). LFB, Bar = 200 μm (C) Strong expression of ADAMTS-13 in glial (arrowhead) and neuronal cells (arrow). ABC technique (anti-ADAMTS-13), Mayer's hematoxylin counterstain, Bar, 100 μm (D) Strong expression of ADAMTS-13 in glial (arrowhead) and neuronal cells (arrow). ABC technique (anti-ADAMTS-13), Mayer's hematoxylin counterstain, Bar, 50 μm (E) Strong expression of ADAMTS-13 in neuronal cells (arrow). ABC technique (anti-ADAMTS-13), Mayer's hematoxylin counterstain, Bar, 20 μm (F).</p