Српске средњовековне повеље као извор Душановог законика

Рад анализира српске средњовековне повеље као потенцијални извор норми Законика цара Душана. Иако су се бројни еминентни правници и историчари бавили питањем извора овог значајног споменика, мишљење је аутора да тема српских повеља као његових извора још увек није добила задовољавајућу стручну обраду. У yводу се даје преглед главне досадашње литературе посвећене овој материји (како оне у којој се директно отвара питање извора Душановог законика, тако и оне која се бави повељама или појединим областима и установама средњовековног српског права), износе основни аргументи за одабир теме и објашњава систематика њеног излагања; коначно, наводи се одабир извора који су коришћени у току истраживања. У првом делу тезе разматра се питање појма и карактера повеља као законодавних аката, те њиховог односа са Душановим закоником. За ово истраживање се може рећи (иако је и само по себи од значаја за домаћу правну историју) да представља претходно питање за приступање главној теми рада. У њему се пореде врсте и особине српских повеља са њиховим ромејским узорима, на основу чега се даје радна дефиниција повеље као нормативног акта. Даље се даје преглед најрелевантнијих схватања о појму закона (као права уопште) и начелу законитости у средњовековном српском праву, о карактеру Законика у поређењу са повељама и о његовом положају у оквиру Душанове троделне кодификације. Hа крају се објашњава однос Законика и повеља, релевантан како за њихово паралелно постојање у српском правном систему у време доношења Душановог законика, тако и за даљу праксу доношења повеља. У другом, главном делу рада разматра се правна грађа из повеља српских владара донетих пре Душановог законика заједно са одредбама овог акта и анализира се могући утицај повеља на Законик, односно рецепција установа из повеља од стране Душанових законописаца.The thesis analyses Serbian medieval charters as the potential sources of the Code of the Emperor Stefan Dušan. Although the question of the sources of this significant legal monument has already attracted the attention of numerous prominent lawyers and historians, the author argues that the subject of Serbian charters as its sources still has not been covered to a satisfactory degree. The introduction supplies an overview of the primary existing literature on this subject (both the works directly focused on the sources of Dušan's Code, as well as the ones dealing with charters or certain areas and institutions of medieval Serbian law), delivers the primary arguments for the selection of the subject and explains the systematics of its presentation; finally, it contains the selection of the source material used during the research. In the first part of the thesis the author considers the concept and the nature of charters as legislative acts, as well as their relation to Dušan's Code. This research (albeit important for Serbian legal history on its own) can be considered a preliminary issue for the main subject of the thesis. The author compares the types and properties of Serbian charters and their Rhomean (Byzantine) models and offers a working definition of charters as normative acts based on that comparison. Further the author gives a review of the most relevant notions of the Serbian medieval concept of zakon (in its sense as law in general) and the principle of legality in medieval Serbian law, of the nature of the Code compared to the charters and its position within Dušan's tripartite codification. Finally, the author explains the relation of the Code and the charters, relevant both to their parallel existence as sources of law in the time when Dušan's code was enacted, but also to the further practice of passing charters. The second, main, part of the thesis contains an analysis of the legal contents of the charters of Serbian rulers that predate Dušan's code and the Code's own articles, with an attempt to determine the possible influence of the charters on the Code, i.e. the reception of institutions regulated in the charters by Dušan's legislators

CTAЛEШKA HEJEДHAKOCT У KAЗHEHOM ПPABУ ДУШAHOBOГ ЗAKOHИKA

Differences in punishment of members of different classes are a frequent occurrence in the penal law of many mediaeval countries, including Serbia under Nemanjić rule. The paper analyses this phenomenon in Dušan's Code and the preceding charters and attempts to determine the basic principles of this differentiation. Despite stereotypes, they cannot be summed up as laxer treatment of the higher and stricter punishment for the lower classes. Firstly, in the cases of some crimes only members of certain classes are prescribed as offenders – be it due to legal or factual impossibility, or the likelihood of a member of a certain class to commit such a crime. As for those crimes that could be committed by all classes, it is shown on the examples of several crimes (abandoning one's spouse, murder, rape, insult by word or action...) that the nobility (vlastela) was indeed generally protected from those penalties that were considered shameful, but it also paid larger fines levied on property, so that fines would affect all offenders equally. Finally, in cases of crimes where the perpetrator and the victim were from different classes, Dušan's Code is greatly concerned with determining the penalty with regards to the significance of the protective object, particularly to class honour and the need to preserve peaceful relations between classes.Различито кaжњaвaњe пpипaдникa paзличитиx cтaлeжa je чecтo y кpивичнoм пpaвy вeликoг 6poja cpeдњoвeкoвниx зeмaљa, пa тaкo и y Нeмaњићкoj Cp6иjи. Paд aнaлизиpa oвy пojaвy y Дyшaнoвoм законикy и пoвeљaмa пpe њeгa и пoкyшaвa дa yтвpди ocнoвнe пpинципe oвe дифepeнциjaциje. Упpкoc cтepeoтипнoм cxвaтaњy, нe paди ce caмo o 6лaжeм кaжњaвaњy вишиx, a тeжeм нижиx cтaлeжa. Пpe cвeгa, кoд нeкиx кpивичниx дeлa ce caмo пpипaдници oдpeђeнoг cтaлeжa пpeдвиђajy кao yчиниoци – 6илo тo з6oг пpaвнe или фaитичкe нeмoгyћнocти или нeизглeднocти дa пpипaднии oдpeђeнoг cтaлeжa yчини дeлo. Paдa cy y питaњy дeлa кoja мoгy yчинити пpипaдници cвиx cтaлeжa, нa пpимepy вeћeг 6poja кривичних дeлa (нaпyштaњa 6paчнoг дpyгa, y6иcтвa, cилoвaњa, yвpeдe peчjy и дeлoм...) ce пoкaзyje кaкo je влacтeлa зaиcтa y вeћини cлyчajeвa 6илa зaштићeнa oд казни кoje cy cмaтpaнe cpaмoтним, aли je тaкoђe зa иcтo дeлo плaћaлa виши изнoc имoвинcлиx казни, иaкo 6и казнa пoдjeднaкo пoгoдилa cвe yчиниoцe. Коначно, y cлyчajy злoчинa гдe cy yчинилaц и жpтвa из paзличитиx cтaлeжa Дyшaнoв законик пpи oдpeђивaњy казнe пocвeћyje вeликy пaжњy знaчajy зaштитнoг o6jeктa, a нapoчитo сталешкој части и пoтpe6и oчyвaњa миpниx мeђycтaлeшкиx oднoca

The Title of Samoderzhets (Autokrator) in Serbia and Russia: Two Ways of Byzantine Heritage Development

The title of autokrator first appeared in the Rhomaian Empire (Byzantium). Translated as samoderzhets, it was taken up by Slavic countries that followed Rhomaian tradition. Taking as her starting point the indispensable 1935 work by George Ostrogorsky Autokrator and Samoderzhets, the author has analysed similarities and differences in the development of the title of samoderzhets in Serbia and Russia. Three phases have been analysed, of which the first two in more detail: the beginning of the use of this title; the development of the title and its significance; the diverging of the ways of Serbia and Russia. The first phase shows that the adoption of the title in both countries is preceded by both an increase of the country’s actual power and the improvement of its position among other Christian (Orthodox) countries. A significant difference appears in the second phase: Serbian kings have used the title of samoderzhets, but it was no longer in use after Stefan Dušan’s coronation as Emperor; after the fall of the Empire, Serbian rulers began to use it again. In Russia it was the other way around: the use of the title was more frequent after Ivan IV’s coronation. It seems that the title was mainly used in Serbia to underline independence where there was no obvious proof for it, and thus was not needed during the Serbian Empire, while Russian rulers, on the contrary, used it only when they had earned it through the actual power of their country. In the third phase both countries abandoned the Rhomaian model. Russia turned to Western models from the time of Peter I, while the development of Serbia was interrupted by its fall under Ottoman rule

Српске средњовековне повеље као извор Душановог законика

Рад анализира српске средњовековне повеље као потенцијални извор норми Законика цара Душана. Иако су се бројни еминентни правници и историчари бавили питањем извора овог значајног споменика, мишљење је аутора да тема српских повеља као његових извора још увек није добила задовољавајућу стручну обраду. У yводу се даје преглед главне досадашње литературе посвећене овој материји (како оне у којој се директно отвара питање извора Душановог законика, тако и оне која се бави повељама или појединим областима и установама средњовековног српског права), износе основни аргументи за одабир теме и објашњава систематика њеног излагања; коначно, наводи се одабир извора који су коришћени у току истраживања. У првом делу тезе разматра се питање појма и карактера повеља као законодавних аката, те њиховог односа са Душановим закоником. За ово истраживање се може рећи (иако је и само по себи од значаја за домаћу правну историју) да представља претходно питање за приступање главној теми рада. У њему се пореде врсте и особине српских повеља са њиховим ромејским узорима, на основу чега се даје радна дефиниција повеље као нормативног акта. Даље се даје преглед најрелевантнијих схватања о појму закона (као права уопште) и начелу законитости у средњовековном српском праву, о карактеру Законика у поређењу са повељама и о његовом положају у оквиру Душанове троделне кодификације. Hа крају се објашњава однос Законика и повеља, релевантан како за њихово паралелно постојање у српском правном систему у време доношења Душановог законика, тако и за даљу праксу доношења повеља. У другом, главном делу рада разматра се правна грађа из повеља српских владара донетих пре Душановог законика заједно са одредбама овог акта и анализира се могући утицај повеља на Законик, односно рецепција установа из повеља од стране Душанових законописаца.The thesis analyses Serbian medieval charters as the potential sources of the Code of the Emperor Stefan Dušan. Although the question of the sources of this significant legal monument has already attracted the attention of numerous prominent lawyers and historians, the author argues that the subject of Serbian charters as its sources still has not been covered to a satisfactory degree. The introduction supplies an overview of the primary existing literature on this subject (both the works directly focused on the sources of Dušan's Code, as well as the ones dealing with charters or certain areas and institutions of medieval Serbian law), delivers the primary arguments for the selection of the subject and explains the systematics of its presentation; finally, it contains the selection of the source material used during the research. In the first part of the thesis the author considers the concept and the nature of charters as legislative acts, as well as their relation to Dušan's Code. This research (albeit important for Serbian legal history on its own) can be considered a preliminary issue for the main subject of the thesis. The author compares the types and properties of Serbian charters and their Rhomean (Byzantine) models and offers a working definition of charters as normative acts based on that comparison. Further the author gives a review of the most relevant notions of the Serbian medieval concept of zakon (in its sense as law in general) and the principle of legality in medieval Serbian law, of the nature of the Code compared to the charters and its position within Dušan's tripartite codification. Finally, the author explains the relation of the Code and the charters, relevant both to their parallel existence as sources of law in the time when Dušan's code was enacted, but also to the further practice of passing charters. The second, main, part of the thesis contains an analysis of the legal contents of the charters of Serbian rulers that predate Dušan's code and the Code's own articles, with an attempt to determine the possible influence of the charters on the Code, i.e. the reception of institutions regulated in the charters by Dušan's legislators

History of law and other humanities: views of the legal world across the time

This book is the result of discussions that took place during the XXIII Forum of the Association of Young Legal Historians held in Naples in the spring of 2017.The collection of thirty-five essays presented here examines the links forged through the ages between the realm of law and the expressions of the humanistic culture. The essays are organized into sections of ten chapters based around ten different themes. Two main perspectives emerged: in some articles the topic relates to the conventional approach of ‘law and/in humanities’ (iconography, literature, architecture, cinema, music), other articles are about more traditional connections between fields of knowledge (in particular, philosophy, political experiences, didactics). The variety of authorial nationalities gives the collection a multicultural character and the historiographical interpretation is the element that unites the collection, with a breadth of the chronological period goes from antiquity to the contemporary age. This project is the result of discussions that took place during the XXIII Forum of the Association of Young Legal Historians held in Naples in the spring of 2017.New Perspectives on ‘Law and Humanities’ together with a ‘Musical’ Approach to the History of Legal Problems: Looking Through the Mirror of Opera / Valerio Massimo Minale (pp. 15-24). -- (History of) Law and Other Humanities: When, Why, How / Luigi Lacchè (pp. 25-43). -- A Legal Study of Medieval Cities from the 11th to 14th Century: The Example of Sigillography in France / Romain Broussais (pp. 47-68). -- Typographic Art and Roman Law: A Renaissance Image of the Lex XII tabularum / Fabiana Tuccillo (pp. 69-80). -- «Oh, the Law is Ruination, and Attorneys are Vexation ...» Law and Lawyers in the Opera and Operetta / Krzysztof Bokwa (pp. 83-95). -- The Boyars, the Poet and the Composer. The Portrayal of the Boyar Duma in Puškin’s and Mussorgsky’s Boris Godunov / Nina Kršljanin, Filip Milinković (pp. 97-122). -- The Dreyfus Affair in Music. L’Hymne à la Justice of Albéric Magnard / Mario Riberi (pp. 123-137). -- Scientia iuris and architectura. A Focus on Buildings for Shows / Paola Pasquino (pp. 141-156). -- Optimus princeps and the Triumphal Arch in Benevento / Alessio Guasco (pp. 157-166). -- Law, Justice and Architecture in Modern Venice: The Rectors’ Palaces and the Government of the Mainland / Claudia Passarella (pp. 167-179). -- Milan’s Courthouse: A View of the Roman Legal Culture across Fascist Ideology / Virginia Maria De Capitani (pp. 181-192). -- Cicero’s Thinking on the Essence of Legal Reasoning / Valentina Cvetković- Dordević (pp. 195-204). -- Interpreting the Antiheretical Edict of Wieluń. Between Literal Meaning and Philosophical Approach / Paweł Dziwiński (pp. 205-220). -- Law and Humanities in Giambattista Vico’s Thought. A First Understanding / Alessia Farano (pp. 221-234). -- The National Codification of Civil Law in Poland at the Beginning of the 19th Century. Sources and Inspirations / Piotr Pomianowski (pp. 235- 245). -- The Frogs by Aristophanes: When Comedy Meets Legal History / Athanasios Delios (pp. 249-263). -- Medicus between Perception and Reality as Portrayed in Some Non-legal Sources / Nikol Žiha (pp. 265-285). -- Military Law, Justice and Discipline in the Early Modern Owlglass Literature from Central Europe / Przemysław Gawron, Jan Jerzy Sowa (pp. 287-298). -- Pamphlet Literature Reflecting Parliamentary Opposition at the Time of the French Fronde: The Example of the Mazarinades (1648- 1649) / Juan Manuel Hernández Vélez (pp. 299-313). -- The Methods for the Legitimation of the Succession of James II in Aphra Behn’s Poem for Coronation / Balázs Rigó (pp. 315-327). -- Balzac and the Criticisms of the French Civil Code in the First Half of the 19th Century / Elisabeth Bruyère (pp. 329-336). -- The Medieval Legal Practice of Exculpatory Oath and Trial by Fire in the Legend of Queen Isolde / Alicja Bańczyk (pp. 339-347). -- Between Law and Literature. Violations of the Legal Rule in the Decameron / Daniela Buccomino (pp. 349-376). -- Institutions and Criminal Procedure of the Magdeburg Law in Poland according to Judas’Sack by Sebastian Fabian Klonowic / Lukasz Golaszewski (pp. 377- 390). -- A Letter from Detention: The Edition of Letters of Livonian Humanistic Lawyer David Hilchen as an Interdisciplinary Challenge / Hesi Siimets-Gross (391-405). -- The Case of Eszter Solymosi from Tiszaeszlár: The Notorious Blood Libel Trial through the Eyes of Gyula Krúdy / Imre Képessy (pp. 407-418). -- Reading a Travel Journal. The Melancholia of Gina Lombroso in Latin America / Francesco Rotondo (pp. 419-430). -- History of Rome, History of Roman Law and Cinema / Carlo De Cristofaro (pp. 433-442). -- You Can Only Write Once – Rights to Autorship, Inspiration and Transformation in the Chosen Judgements of U.S. Courts Involving the Copyrights on the James Bond Character / Wojciech Bańczyk (pp. 443-453). -- Advertising and the Rule of Law. Law in Representations of Insurance in Late 19th Century Netherlands / Christina Reimann (pp. 457-470). -- Newspapers and the Making of Popular Legal Culture. The Example of the Death Penalty in France (20th century) / Nicolas Picard (pp. 471-482). -- Secularism versus Religion-based Legal Pluralism: The Diverse Views on These Concepts in Modern Muslim Discourse and Culture between 19th and 21st Century / Rafal Kaczmarczyk (pp. 483-493). -- Legal Organization of Medieval Serbian Mining Communities / Andreja Katančević (pp. 497-512). -- The Structure of the Government and the Press / Gábor Bathó (pp. 513-525). -- The Influence of Political Factors on the Adjudicating on Petty Offences in the People’s Republic of Poland / Marcin Lysko (pp. 527-535). -- History and Legal History in Latin America. Reflections on a Necessary Dialogue with Special Attention to Cuban Experience / Fabricio Mulet Martínez (pp. 539-549). -- Teaching a Historical Context in a First-Year ‘Introduction to Private Law’ Course. The Effects of Teaching Approaches and a Learning Environment on Students’ Learning / Emanuel G. D. van Dongen, Irma Meijerman (pp. 551-569)