Social features of the best ranked tennis players since ATP and WTA list formation

Основни циљ овог истраживања биo је да се утврди зависност одабира и опредељења испитаника за бављење тенисом од дефинисаних фактора социјалног статуса, као и утврђивање тачних показатеља о нивоу утицаја појединих социјалних фактора на успешност у врхунском тенису. Узорак у овом истраживању чини 56 испитаника, који су подељени у три субузорка. У првом субузорку налази се 25 тенисера, односно сви тенисери који су најмање седам дана заузимали прву позицију на АТП листи од њеног формирања 1973. године до 1. јануара 2013. године. У другом узорку налази се 21 тенисеркa, односно све тенисерке које су најмање седам дана заузимале прву позицију на ВТА листи од њеног формирања 1975. године до 1. јануара 2013. године. Трећи субузорак чини 10 најбоље рангираних српских тенисера и тенисерки на АТП и ВТА листи, а који нису ушли у претходна два субузорка (пет тенисера и пет тенисерки). Приликом анализе резултата прва два субузорка ће такође бити подељена на два дела и то на тенисере и тенисерке који су били на првим позицијама АТП и ВТА листе до 1992. године и на тенисере и тенисерке који су на тим листама били од 1992. године до 1. јануара 2013. године. Овај узорак представља репрезентативни узорак јер обухвата све тенисере и тенисерке који су бар седам дана заузимали прву позицију од како је формиран систем електронског бодовања у тенису. Такође, треба нагласити чињеницу да у појединачном врхунском спорту нема великих узорака и да се ради о најквалитетнијим појединцима у тенису у поменутом временском периоду. Са аспекта величине, ово је апсолутни узорак. Научни метод који је доминантан у овом истраживању јесте: конкретно историјски метод. Поред конкретно историјског модела, као доминантног, у раду је коришћен и компаративни (упоредни) научни метод. Овом методом су, на систематичан начин, утврђене сличности и разлике међу испитиваним социјалним карактеристикама...The main objective of this study is to determine the correlation between the subject’s selection and orientation to practice of tennis and factors of social status, as well as establishing accurate indicators that can show the level of impact on the success in professional, world-class tennis. Inferences are made due to the sample of 56 subjects who were divided into three subgroups. The first subgroup consists of 25 male tennis players who have been ranked as first for at least seven days by the ATP list, since its formation in 1973 until 1st January 2013. The second subgroup includes 21 female tennis players who have been ranked as first for at least seven days by the WTA list, since its formation in 1975 until 1st January 2013. The third subsample consists of 10 top-ranked Serbian tennis players by the ATP and WTA list who are not subject in the previous two subgroups (5 male and 5 female players). In analysis, the first two subgroups are also divided into two parts – since the formation of ATP and WTA lists until 1992, and since 1992 until 1st January 2013. When speaking about sampling characteristics it is necessary to emphasize that this is a representative sample, as it includes all tennis players who have been ranked as first by ATP or WTA for at least seven days since the formation of electronic scoring in tennis. It should also be emphasized that the individual professional sport has no great samples and that this study analyzes finest tennis individuals in mentioned period. From the standpoint of size, this is an absolute sampling. Specific historical method is dominant scientific method used during this research. Comparative method is also used to underline the differences and similarities among analyzed social characteristics..

Post-anaesthesia pulmonary complications after use of muscle relaxants (POPULAR): a multicentre, prospective observational study

Background Results from retrospective studies suggest that use of neuromuscular blocking agents during general anaesthesia might be linked to postoperative pulmonary complications. We therefore aimed to assess whether the use of neuromuscular blocking agents is associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Methods We did a multicentre, prospective observational cohort study. Patients were recruited from 211 hospitals in 28 European countries. We included patients (aged ≥18 years) who received general anaesthesia for any in-hospital procedure except cardiac surgery. Patient characteristics, surgical and anaesthetic details, and chart review at discharge were prospectively collected over 2 weeks. Additionally, each patient underwent postoperative physical examination within 3 days of surgery to check for adverse pulmonary events. The study outcome was the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications from the end of surgery up to postoperative day 28. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for surgical factors and patients’ preoperative physical status, providing adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and adjusted absolute risk reduction (ARRadj). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01865513. Findings Between June 16, 2014, and April 29, 2015, data from 22803 patients were collected. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents was associated with an increased incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients who had undergone general anaesthesia (1658 [7·6%] of 21694); ORadj 1·86, 95% CI 1·53–2·26; ARRadj –4·4%, 95% CI –5·5 to –3·2). Only 2·3% of high-risk surgical patients and those with adverse respiratory profiles were anaesthetised without neuromuscular blocking agents. The use of neuromuscular monitoring (ORadj 1·31, 95% CI 1·15–1·49; ARRadj –2·6%, 95% CI –3·9 to –1·4) and the administration of reversal agents (1·23, 1·07–1·41; –1·9%, –3·2 to –0·7) were not associated with a decreased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Neither the choice of sugammadex instead of neostigmine for reversal (ORadj 1·03, 95% CI 0·85–1·25; ARRadj –0·3%, 95% CI –2·4 to 1·5) nor extubation at a train-of-four ratio of 0·9 or more (1·03, 0·82–1·31; –0·4%, –3·5 to 2·2) was associated with better pulmonary outcomes. Interpretation We showed that the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs in general anaesthesia is associated with an increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Anaesthetists must balance the potential benefits of neuromuscular blockade against the increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications