La convergence de l’internet des objets, du big data et de l’intelligence artificielle

Résumé Cette étude examine les synergies entre l'internet des objets, le big data et l'intelligence artificielle, mettant en lumière les opportunités et les défis qu'elles engendrent. La convergence de ces technologies ouvre de vastes perspectives dans des domaines tels que la santé connectée, la ville intelligente, l'industrie 4.0 et l'économie collaborative. Toutefois, des obstacles majeurs comme la protection des données personnelles, la sécurité des systèmes et des réseaux, ainsi que le renforcement des compétences, doivent être pris en compte. Pour cette analyse, une méthode de recherche basée sur la collecte et l'analyse de données qualitatives provenant d'ouvrages, d'articles de revues et de journaux reconnus a été utilisée. Cette approche permet de saisir en profondeur les interactions entre ces trois technologies. L'impact des lois de Moore et de Metcalfe sur cette convergence a également été pris en compte. L'avènement de l'internet des objets a facilité l'interconnexion d'objets physiques, générateur d'une masse de données importante connue sous le nom de big data. L'intelligence artificielle s'appuie sur ces données, ainsi que sur la puissance de calcul et les algorithmes. Les données sont essentielles pour entraîner les algorithmes, la puissance de calcul est indispensable pour les traiter efficacement, et les algorithmes permettent de structurer les informations afin de prendre des décisions pertinentes.   Mots clés : Convergence, internet des objets, big data, intelligence artificielle, loi de Moore, loi de Robert Metcalfe, algorithmes.     Summary This study examines the synergies between the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence, highlighting the opportunities and challenges they bring. The convergence of these technologies opens up broad perspectives in areas such as connected health, smart cities, Industry 4.0, and the sharing economy. However, major obstacles such as data protection, system and network security, as well as skills enhancement, must be taken into account. For this analysis, a research method based on the collection and analysis of qualitative data from recognized books, journal articles, and newspapers was used. This approach allows for a deep understanding of the interactions between these three technologies. The impact of Moore's Law and Metcalfe's Law on this convergence was also considered. The advent of the Internet of Things has facilitated the interconnection of physical objects, generating a large amount of data known as big data. Artificial intelligence relies on this data, as well as on computing power and algorithms. Data is essential for training algorithms, computing power is necessary to process them efficiently, and algorithms help structure information to make relevant decisions.   Keywords: Convergence, Internet of Things, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, Moore's Law, Metcalfe's Law, Algorithms.  Résumé Cette étude examine les synergies entre l'internet des objets, le big data et l'intelligence artificielle, mettant en lumière les opportunités et les défis qu'elles engendrent. La convergence de ces technologies ouvre de vastes perspectives dans des domaines tels que la santé connectée, la ville intelligente, l'industrie 4.0 et l'économie collaborative. Toutefois, des obstacles majeurs comme la protection des données personnelles, la sécurité des systèmes et des réseaux, ainsi que le renforcement des compétences, doivent être pris en compte. Pour cette analyse, une méthode de recherche basée sur la collecte et l'analyse de données qualitatives provenant d'ouvrages, d'articles de revues et de journaux reconnus a été utilisée. Cette approche permet de saisir en profondeur les interactions entre ces trois technologies. L'impact des lois de Moore et de Metcalfe sur cette convergence a également été pris en compte. L'avènement de l'internet des objets a facilité l'interconnexion d'objets physiques, générateur d'une masse de données importante connue sous le nom de big data. L'intelligence artificielle s'appuie sur ces données, ainsi que sur la puissance de calcul et les algorithmes. Les données sont essentielles pour entraîner les algorithmes, la puissance de calcul est indispensable pour les traiter efficacement, et les algorithmes permettent de structurer les informations afin de prendre des décisions pertinentes.   Mots clés : Convergence, internet des objets, big data, intelligence artificielle, loi de Moore, loi de Robert Metcalfe, algorithmes.     Summary This study examines the synergies between the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence, highlighting the opportunities and challenges they bring. The convergence of these technologies opens up broad perspectives in areas such as connected health, smart cities, Industry 4.0, and the sharing economy. However, major obstacles such as data protection, system and network security, as well as skills enhancement, must be taken into account. For this analysis, a research method based on the collection and analysis of qualitative data from recognized books, journal articles, and newspapers was used. This approach allows for a deep understanding of the interactions between these three technologies. The impact of Moore's Law and Metcalfe's Law on this convergence was also considered. The advent of the Internet of Things has facilitated the interconnection of physical objects, generating a large amount of data known as big data. Artificial intelligence relies on this data, as well as on computing power and algorithms. Data is essential for training algorithms, computing power is necessary to process them efficiently, and algorithms help structure information to make relevant decisions.   Keywords: Convergence, Internet of Things, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, Moore's Law, Metcalfe's Law, Algorithms. &nbsp

Spatial Distribution of Cedrela Odorata Smaller Trees Affects Forest Regeneration in Exotic Tree Plantations in Central Côte d’Ivoire

Cedrela odorata L. was introduced as a possible forest restauration species in classified forests at Côte d’Ivoire. Because of its demonstrated invasive behavior in other tropical forests, this study aimed to assess the impact of Cedrela odorata on the regeneration of spontaneous plant species in tree plantations. On the base of Cedrela odorata larger tree densities, two types of forest plantation were considered: Type I (240 stems/ha) and Type II (176 stems/ha). In these plantations, plots with 0.25 ha were chosen to locate each tree with dbh ≥ 2.5 cm, in an orthonormal reference. The tree density, the basal area, the species richness, the Shannon diversity index and the rank-abundance curves were determined considering smaller and larger trees. The horizontal spatial arrangement and Ripley’s K function were performed to understand the spatial relationship between Cedrela odorata smaller trees and those of spontaneous species. The results shown lower spontaneous plant species richness (15-20 species) and diversity (1.15 - 1.43); the dominance of Cedrela odorata smaller trees (43.02 – 62.95 % of all stems). The Cedrela odorata smaller trees and those of other species have dependent spatial distributions; expressed by a spatial repulsion between the two groups up to a distance of 18 m in the most densified forest plantation. This repulsion was related to an aggregated distribution of Cedrela odorata smaller trees in plantation with higher tree density. The study suggests a 170-stems/ha (or lower) of Cedrela odorata planting density for biodiversity establishment improvement outcomes in forest plantations.

Cavernomatose cérébrale sporadique révélée par une crise convulsive: à propos d’un cas

La cavernomatose cérébrale est une pathologie rare pouvant être sporadique ou familiale autosomique dominante. Elle est caractérisée par la présence de cavernomes multiples du système nerveux central. Souvent asymptomatique, la pathologie peut se révéler par des symptômes variés comme l’hémorragie cérébro-méningée, les céphalées ou l’épilepsie. Nous rapportons un cas de cavernomatose cérébrale sporadique chez un patient de 55 ans sans antécédent pathologique particulier révélé par une crise d’épilepsie. A travers cette observation et une revue de la littérature, nous faisons le point sur les aspects cliniques et radiologiques (scanner et IRM) de cette pathologie

Kyste colloïde obstructif du troisième ventricule avec hydrocéphalie aiguë : à propos d’un cas: Obstructive colloid cyst of the third ventricle with acute hydrocephalus: about a case

The obstructive colloid cyst of the third ventricle is a rare benign tumor and a neurosurgical emergency. It is at the origin of syndrome of intracranial hypertension or sudden death in case of obstruction of the foramen of Monro. The authors report a case of obstructive colloid cyst of the third ventricle discovered in the context of intracranial hypertension. Le kyste colloïde obstructif du troisième ventricule est une tumeur bénigne rare et constitue une urgence neurochirurgicale. Il peut être à l’origine du syndrome d’hypertension intracrânienne ou de mort subite en cas d’obstruction des foramens de Monro. Les auteurs rapportent un cas de kyste colloïde obstructif du troisième ventricule découvert dans un tableau d’hypertension intracrânienne

Mucocèle appendiculaire : A propos de deux observations: Appendicular mucocele: About two observations

The appendix mucocele is a rare pathology, which poses a double problem by its potential malignancy and the risk of peritoneal pseudo-myxoma in case of perforation. The authors report two cases of appendix mucocele in a 61-year-old man and a 58-year-old woman. We found incidentally in imaging an asymptomatic right renal tumor in one observation. La mucocèle appendiculaire est une pathologie rare, qui pose un double problème par sa malignité potentielle et le risque de pseudo-myxome péritonéal en cas de perforation. Les auteurs rapportent deux cas de mucocèle appendiculaire chez un homme de 61 ans et une femme de 58 ans. Il a été retrouvé de manière fortuite en imagerie une tumeur asymptomatique du rein droit dans une observation

L’appendagite aiguë : une étiologie rare à ne pas méconnaître dans les douleurs abdominales: Acute appendagitis: a rare etiology not to be overlooked in abdominal pain

Acute appendagitis is a rare cause of abdominal pain. Its diagnosis is based on medical imaging and its treatment is medical. We report a case of acute appendagitis diagnosed on the abdominal CT scan in the context of epigastralgia. L’appendagite aiguë est une cause rare de douleurs abdominales. Son diagnostic repose sur l’imagerie médicale et son traitement est médical. Nous rapportons un cas d’appendagite aiguë diagnostiquée au scanner abdominal au décours d’une mise au point d’épigastralgies

Superior Thyroid Artery Originating from the Ascending Pharyngeal Artery

Background: The superior thyroid artery generally originates from the anterior surface of the external carotid artery. The superior thyroid artery originating from the ascending pharyngeal artery is an extremely rare anatomic variation. Nevertheless, some variations in the origin of the superior thyroid artery have been reported in the literature. Such knowledge is important during neck surgeries such as thyroidectomy and radical neck dissection. Here we report the first case of a superior thyroid artery arising from the ascending pharyngeal artery. Case report: During a routine dissection on the neck, a superior thyroid artery originating from the ascending pharyngeal artery was observed on the right side, in a 37-year-old male cadaver. The superior thyroid artery had two segments, a superior (or horizontal) segment and an inferior (or vertical) segment. The superior segment passed posterior to the linguofacial trunk. The inferior segment passed posterior to the superior laryngeal artery and an artery that went to the infrahyoid muscles. These last two arteries came directly from the external carotid artery. The superior thyroid artery terminated in two branches (one lateral and one medial) 6 mm above the superior pole of the right thyroid lobe. Conclusion: The origin of the superior thyroid artery from the ascending pharyngeal artery is an extremely rare anatomical variation. A thorough knowledge of the variations in origin of the superior thyroid artery is decisive for head and neck surgeries

Muscular variations in the gluteal region, the posterior compartment of the thigh and the Popliteal fossa: Report of 4 cases

During a study of the sciatic nerve by anatomical dissection in the anatomy laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS) of Bamako, 4 cases of muscle variations were observed in three male cadavers. The first case was the presence of an accessory femoral biceps muscle that originated on the fascia that covered the short head of the femoral biceps and ended on the head of the fibula joining the common tendon formed by the long and short head of the femoral biceps. The second case was the presence of an aberrant digastric muscle in the gluteal region and in the posterior compartment of the thigh. He had two bellies; the upper belly, considered as a piriform muscle accessory; the lower belly, considered a third head of the biceps femoral muscle; these two bellies were connected by a long tendon. The other two cases were the presence of third head of the gastrocnemius. These two cases were seen bilaterally in a cadaver. The anatomical variations of the hamstring muscles are rare and their knowledge is needed by radiologists and surgeons. The most common cause of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is the presence of a third head of the gastrocnemius muscle

High levels of Plasmodium falciparum rosetting in all clinical forms of severe malaria in African children

Plasmodium falciparum rosetting (the spontaneous binding of infected erythrocytes to uninfected erythrocytes) is a well-recognized parasite virulence factor. However, it is currently unclear whether rosetting is associated with all clinical forms of severe malaria, or only with specific syndromes such as cerebral malaria. We investigated the relationship between rosetting and clinical malaria in 209 Malian children enrolled in a case-control study of severe malaria. Rosetting was significantly higher in parasite isolates from severe malaria cases compared with non-severe hyperparasitemia and uncomplicated malaria controls (F(2,117) = 8.15, P < 0.001). Analysis of sub-categories of severe malaria (unrousable coma, severe anemia, non-comatose neurological impairment, repeated seizures or a small heterogeneous group with signs of renal failure or jaundice) showed high levels of rosetting in all sub-categories, and no statistically significant differences in rosetting between sub-categories (F(4,67) = 1.28, P = 0.28). Thus rosetting may contribute to the pathogenesis of all severe malaria syndromes in African children, and interventions to disrupt rosetting could be potential adjunctive therapies for all forms of severe malaria in Africa