A lógica do duelo e o enigma da política

Raymond Aron inicia o Capítulo 1 de Paz e guerra entre as nações citando a célebre definição de Clausewitz, segundo a qual “a guerra é um ato de violência destinado a obrigar o adversário a realizar nossa vontade”, tomando-a como o “ponto de partida para este estudo”. Embora Aron advirta, em seguida, que “esta dialética da luta é puramente abstrata e não se aplica às guerras reais”, a definição clausewitziana, repetida à exaustão, provocaria inúmeros mal-entendidos. Não obstante esses mal-entendidos subsistam, em sua maioria, à revelia da obra de Aron e tributáveis a intérpretes belicitas e a duzentos anos de guerras totais, Paz e guerra não passará incólume a eles. De fato, em suas Memórias, ao comentar Paz e guerra, Aron registrará que “Clausewitz trouxe-lhe a idéia germinal de toda teoria das relações interestatais”, a “alternância da paz e da guerra, a complementaridade da diplomacia e estratégia”, etc. Trata-se, porém, de um Clausewitz incompleto. Não surpreende, portanto, que não haja aí menção à definição trinitária da guerra, única que contempla a infinita diversidade das guerras reais. As insuficiências e incorreções na compreensão da teoria clausewitziana da guerra levarão Aron a debruçar-se sobre a sua obra nos anos dos 70. Clausewitz escreveu sob o impacto da Revolução Francesa, das guerras napoleônicas e da emergência do povo na guerra. É sob o impacto das guerras totais do século XX que Aron escrevera a sua obra. É o espectro da guerra absoluta a assombrar a Europa e o mundo. A compreensão da alternância da guerra e da paz exige, portanto, que exorcizemos esse espectro.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación (FAHCE

The marine arthropods of Turkey

This recent checklist of marine arthropods found on the coasts of Turkey represents a total of 1531 species belonging to 7 classes: Malacostraca (766 species), Maxillopoda (437 species), Ostracoda (263 species), Pycnogonida (27 species), Arachnida (26 species), Branchiopoda (7 species), and Insecta (5 species). Seventy-fve species were classifed as alien species in the region. Tis paper also includes the frst record of the amphipod Melita valesi from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Kaş, Gulf of Antalya).This recent checklist of marine arthropods found on the coasts of Turkey represents a total of 1531 species belonging to 7 classes: Malacostraca (766 species), Maxillopoda (437 species), Ostracoda (263 species), Pycnogonida (27 species), Arachnida (26 species), Branchiopoda (7 species), and Insecta (5 species). Seventy-fve species were classifed as alien species in the region. Tis paper also includes the frst record of the amphipod Melita valesi from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Kaş, Gulf of Antalya)

Active shrinkage protects neurons following axonal transection

Trauma, vascular events, or neurodegenerative processes can lead to axonal injury and eventual transection (axotomy). Neurons can survive axotomy, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Excessive water entry into injured neurons poses a particular risk due to swelling and subsequent death. Using in vitro and in vivo neurotrauma model systems based on laser transection and surgical nerve cut, we demonstrated that axotomy triggers actomyosin contraction coupled with calpain activity. As a consequence, neurons shrink acutely to force water out through aquaporin channels preventing swelling and bursting. Inhibiting shrinkage increased the probability of neuronal cell death by about 3-fold. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized cytoprotective response mechanism to neurotrauma and offer a fresh perspective on pathophysiological processes in the nervous system.Yüzüncü Yıl Universit

New Alien Mediterranean Biodiversity Records (October 2020)

This article includes 23 new records of alien and cryptogenic species in the Mediterranean Sea, belonging to 4 Phyla (Chordata, Echinodermata, Arthropoda and Mollusca), distributed from the Alboran to the Levantine Sea. Records are reported from eight countries listed from West to East as follows: Algeria: new records of the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus; Spain: further spread and establishment of the sea slug Lamprohaminoea ovalis in continental shores; Tunisia: first record of the Atlantic Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus in the Gulf of Gabes; Italy: a new occurrence of the pufferfish Lagocephalus sceleratus in Northern Ionian waters; first record of Cephalopholis taeniops in the Ionian Sea; first record of the redlip blenny, Ophioblennius atlanticus in the Ionian Sea; Slovenia: first record of the isopod Paranthura japonica in Slovenia; Greece: first record of the molluscs Eunaticina papilla, Plocamopherus ocellatus and the fish Cheilodipterus novemstriatus; first record of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata in Kriti; the long-spined sea urchin Diadema setosum in the Ionian Sea; Turkey: first record of the sea spider Ammothea hilgendorfi; the stomatopod Cloridina cf. ichneumon; the fishes Pempheris rhomboidea from the Sea of Marmara and Paranthias furcifer from the Aegean Sea; Lebanon: new records of the fishes Arothron hispidus, Rachycentron canadum, Heniochus intermedius and Acanthurus monroviae; first record of Acanthostracion polygonius. The records of Cloridina cf. ichneumon from southern Turkey and the fish Acanthostracion polygonius from Lebanon, both being the first Mediterranean records, are noteworthy

A Pycnogonid Species New for the Mediterranean Coast of Türkiye: Achelia langi (Dohrn, 1881) (Arthropoda, Pycnogonida)

A male specimen of Achelia langi (Dohrn, 1881) was found in Antalya Bay (Turkish coast of the Mediterranean Sea) at 1.5 m depth in July 2019. A distribution map of the species in the Mediterranean Sea is provided, together with a photograph and line drawing of the species. A. langi is reported in this study for the first time from Antalya Bay and the Mediterranean coast of Türkiye and also the third time from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The record further extends the known distribution of this species from the Aegea

Contribution of 1.8-Cinerol as an Active Substance in the leaves of Laurus nobilis L. to Soil Carbon Content

The amount of carbon added to soil in the form of 1.8-Cineol was studied by determining the amount of 1.8-Cineol (C10H18O, 154.25 g/mol) in the leaves of Laurus nobilis L. Together with the C (%) and N(%) contents in its soil and leaves sampled from three plants grown in Cukurova University Campus under the influence of Mediterranean climate. The amount of 1.8-Cineol of volatile oils extracted using Clevenger apparatus were determined by GS-MS techniques. The amount of C (%) in soils and leaves of the three trees were 3.70, 3.96, 4.46 and 49.70, 43.80 and 58.49 respectively whereas the amount of N (%) in soils and leaves of these trees were 0,57; 0,35, 0,53 and 1,88, 1,62 and 0,85 respectively. The amounts 1.8-Cineol (%) of the leaves of these trees were 30.1, 37.75 and 24.65 and their carbon contents were 23.42, 29.37 and 19.18 respectively. Hence 47.12, 67.05 and 32.80% of the leaf carbon originate from 1.8-Cineol carbon. Difference among the carbon and nitrogen contents of soils of the tree trees were statistically different (P < 0.05) whereas statistical difference wasn’t observed among the leaves. Active components of the plants are getting more important in the dynamics of organic matter and humus. In this context at mixed forests where various trees grow like Laurus nobilis L., it is clear that carbon content should also be taken into account together with the active substances of leaves

İzmir Körfezi (Ege Denizi, Türkiye)' nde yer alan üç balık çiftliğinin makrofauna üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırılması

A comparative study of the impacts of three fish farms on the macrofauna in Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea, Turkey). In this study, the impacts of marine fish farming on the macrofauna, was investigated seasonally at 3 commercial fish farms located in the Izmir Bay. In each fish farms we sampled in two different sampling locations. One of them is located in the beneath of the cages and another one is located in about 1 km distance from the cages. All the samples were carried out by Van-Veen grap with capacity 10 It. during July 2001, October 2001, February 2002 and April 2002. The macrofauna showed seasonal variations in all 3 fish farms and in each of 3 fish farms, organic pollution indicators specimens were recorded such as Neanthes caudate, Neanthes succinea, Schistomeringos rudolphi, Capitella capitata and Coitula gibba. The results indicated that fish cage activity caused the large impacts on the macrofauna in the 3 fish farms.Bu çalışmada, İzmir Körfezi'nde yer alan üç ticari balık çiftliğinin mevsimsel olarak makrofauna üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Her balık çiftliğinden, biri kafeslerin altında diğeri kafeslerin yaklaşık 1 km açığında olmak üzere iki istasyonda Temmuz 2001, Ekim 2001, Şubat 2002 ve Nisan 2002'de 10 İt. hacime sahip Van-Veen Grap ile örnekleme çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Üç balık çiftliğinde de makrofaunanın mevsimsel değişiklikler gösterdiği gözlenmiş olup, Neanthes caudata, Neanthes succinea, Schistomeringos rudolphi, Capitella capitata ve Corbula gibba gibi organik kirlilik indikatörü türlere rastlanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, makrofaunanın yetiştiricilik faaliyetlerinden geniş ölçüde etkilenmiş olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır