Executive Heads and the Role of Intergovenmental Organisations: Expansionist Leadership in the United Nations and the European Union

Despite considerable advances in methods to examine leaders’ personal characteristics using at–a–distance assessment, few studies have applied such techniques outside of the national level. This study reveals that such approaches can provide analytical leverage for examining executive heads of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). The personal characteristics of six United Nations Secretaries–General and four European Union Commission Presidents were measured via content analysis of their responses to questions. Separately, their behavior in office was measured via historical accounts and analyses. In general, executive heads with higher expansionist leadership style scores displayed a greater willingness to try to enhance the status of their organizations

Secretary-General Leadership Across the United Nations and Nato: Kofi Annan, Javier Solana, and Operation Allied Force

The UN and NATO have been jointly engaged in a range of conflicts in the post?Cold War era. Studies of these organizations, however, have largely overlooked the institutional interplay between their Secretaries-General. After brief reviews of the relationship between the UN and NATO and the leadership role that a Secretary-General can provide, this article examines the political relationship between Kofi Annan and Javier Solana across three stages of NATO?s 1999 Operation Allied Force in Kosovo. The findings show the important roles played and coordinated effort supplied by the Secretaries-General. This provides new perspectives on UN-NATO institutional coordination and has important implications for considering the relative security roles to be played by the UN and NATO in the future

Active Teaching and Learning in Cross‐National Perspective

Recent developments in globalization, education, and technology suggest exciting possibilities for cross‐national active teaching and learning in international studies. This paper reviews scholarship on the potential for systematic and intentional cross‐national pedagogical innovations in international studies. Three critical themes are identified and explored: culture and cross‐national education, collaboration across contexts, and the need for systematic assessment. Each plays an important role in facilitating effective active teaching and learning cross‐nationally. A broader examination of the opportunities and challenges of cross‐national education in international studies suggests guidelines for a systematic, collaborative cross‐national approach to an emerging active teaching and learning research agenda

Geochemical Evolution of the Tertiary Mull Volcano, Western Scotland

The early Tertiary Mull volcano, western Scotland, is one of the most dissected and best exposed igneous complexes of the North Atlantic Province. The new and published geochemical data enable us to chart the magmatic evolution of the Mull volcano from the oldest lavas through the intrusive rocks of three overlapping igneous centres, to the youngest dykes. In this study, we identify four successive magma types within the remnant volcano. The earliest type—the Mull Plateau Group—comprises mildly alkaline basaltic rocks with steep chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns. This type is succeeded, within the lava succession and dyke swarm, by the Coire Gorm magma type with essentially flat chondrite-normalized REE patterns. A third magma type represented within the lava and dykes—the Central Mull Tholeiites—is more depleted in incompatible trace elements than the preceding types and has flat to LREE-depleted chondrite-normalized patterns. The major intrusions and cone sheets of Mull Centre 1 and early Centre 2 belong to this magma type. Midway through the igneous activity associated with Centre 2, the magma type changed to become more alkalic and more enriched in incompatible trace elements. This magma type (the Late Mull type) is found to persist through the cone sheets and major intrusions of Centre 3, to the youngest dykes. These changes in magma composition were related to variations in the mantle source and depth of partial melting beneath Mull, and/or differences in the efficiency of melt pooling before ascent through the lithosphere. With the exception of the early Staffa magma sub-type (part of the Mull Plateau Group), the location of magma chambers, in which the bulk of contamination occurred, changed with time from deep (lower-crustal Lewisian gneiss) to shallow (upper-crustal Moine schist). Intermediate members of the Plateau Group and the Late Mull magma type are enriched in Fe, Ti and P relative to the Central Mull Tholeiites. We attribute this difference to the more alkalic nature of these suites, lower fO2, and the formation of Fe3+−P complexes in the magma. The intermediate rocks were important in magma mixing processes, with two types of mixing identified on Mull: (1) cryptic mixing between basalts and low-Fe intermediate magmas, typified by lavas and early basic cone sheets of the Central Mull Tholeiite magma type; (2) observable mingling between rhyolitic magmas and high-Fe intermediate magmas of the Late Mull type, shown by the mixed-magma bodies of the Glen More and Loch Bà ring dykes. The main factor in determining which type of mixing occurred appears to have been the density contrast between the various magmas. ‘It may safely be maintained that Mull includes the most complicated igneous centre as yet accorded detailed examination anywhere in the world’ (Bailey et al., 1924, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Scotland, HMSO, Edinburgh, 1924)