Antioxidants and Natural Compounds

Oxidative stress happens in body when the production of oxidants exceeds the antioxidant capacity of body system and plays a role in pathogenesis of several chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, stock, and renal failure. Tea, sesame seed, and burdock root (Arctium lappa L.) may improve oxidative stress and suppress the side effects of diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Total extract of black tea and its fractions can increase antioxidants such as Super oxide Dismotase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxides (GPX) and total antioxidants and can decrease oxidants like malondialdehyde (MDA). So, these herbal compounds can improve oxidative stress in diabetes rats. The injection of total extract and 20% fraction of black tea had positive effect on blood lipid profile in diabetic rats. Sesame seeds improved the antioxidants capacity in arthritis; therefore, decreased pain. Burdock root, in arthritis patients improved the antioxidants capacity and decreased the intensity of the pain. It can be concluded that the positive effects of these herbal components are due to the presence of antioxidants. The aim of this chapter is to review the antioxidant capacity of tea, sesame seed, and burdock root as well as to discuss their biological effects in human being

New and known type 2 diabetes as coronary heart disease equivalent: results from 7.6 year follow up in a middle east population

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To investigate whether the known diabetes mellitus (KDM) or newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (NDM) could be regarded as a coronary heart disease (CHD) risk equivalent among a relatively young Middle East population with high prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A population based cohort study of 2267 men and 2931 women, aged ≥ 30 years. Prior CHD was defined as self-reported or ECG positive CHD at baseline, KDM as subjects using any kind of glucose-lowering medications and NDM according to fasting plasma glucose and 2-h postchallenge glycemia.</p> <p>Participants were categorized to six groups according to the presence of known or newly diagnosed DM and CHD at baseline (DM-/CHD-, DM-/CHD+, NDM+/CHD-, NDM+/CHD+, KDM+/CHD-, KDM+/CHD+) and Cox regression analysis were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of CHD events for these DM/CHD groups, given DM-/CHD-as the reference.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>During 7.6-year follow up, 358 CHD events occurred. After controlling traditional risk factors, HRs of CHD events for DM-/CHD+ group were 2.1 (95% CI: 1.4-3.1) and 5.2 (3.2-8.3) in men and women respectively. Corresponding HRs for NDM+/CHD-were 1.7 (1.1-2.7) and 3.1 (1.8-5.6) and for KDM+/CHD-were 1.7 (0.9-3.3) and 6.2 (3.6-10.6) in men and women respectively. The HRs for NDM+/CHD+ and KDM+/CHD+ groups (i.e. participants with history of both diabetes and CHD) were 6.4 (3.2-12.9) and 8.0 (4.3-14.8) in women and 3.2 (1.9-5.6) and 4.2 (2.2-7.8) in men, respectively.</p> <p>The hazard of CHD events did not differ between KDM+/CHD-and DM-/CHD+ in both genders using paired homogeneity test, however the HR for NDM+/CHD-was marginally lower than the HR for DM-/CHD+ in women (<it>p </it>= 0.085).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>KDM patients in both genders and NDM especially in men exhibited a CHD risk comparable to nondiabetics with a prior CHD, furthermore diabetic subjects with prior CHD had the worst prognosis, by far more harmful in women than men; reinforcing the urgent need for intensive care and prophylactic treatment for cardiovascular diseases.</p

Superiority of Bayesian Model Averaging to Stepwise Model in Selection of Factors Related to the Incidence of Type II diabetes in Pre-diabetic Women

Introduction:  The world prevalence of type 2 diabetes and its related increment mortality rate which needs high controls cost has attracted high scientific attention. Early detection of individuals who face this disease more than the others can prevent getting sick or at least reduce the disease consequences on public health. Regarding the costs and limitations of diagnostic tests, a statistical model is presented that helps predict the time of diabetes incidence and determines its risk factors. Furthermore, this model determines the significant predictor variables on response and considers them as model equation parameters.Materials and Methods: In this study, 803 pre-diabetic women in the age range of more than 20 years were selected from Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS) to examine the predictor variables on time of diabetes incidence. They were entered into the study in the phases 1 and 2 and were followed up to the phase 4. The predictor variables selection was performed using the Stepwise Model (SM) and the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). Then, the predictive discrimination was used to compare the results of both models. The Log-rank test was performed and the Kaplan-Meier Curve was plotted. The statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 3.1.3).Results: The Backward Stepwise Model (BSM), the Forward Stepwise Model (FSM) and the BMA have used 9, 10 and 6 variables, respectively. Although the BMA selected predictor variables number is much lower than the SM, the prediction ability remains nearly constant.Conclusions: The BMA has averaged on the supported models using dataset. This model has shown nearly constant accuracy despite the selection of lower predictor variables number in comparison to the SM

Drug Resistance of Acinetobacter in Selected Hospitals

Background: Nowadays, nosocomial infection with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter is an important problem in the world, which is facing wide spectrum antibiotics and hence has become resistant.Materials and Methods: In this study, positive cultures of Acinetobacter from one hundred clinical samples in seven hospitals from Tehran during 2012-2013 were collected for checking antibiotic susceptibility. Samples test with Ceftazidim, Cefepime, Amikacine and Imipenem by E-test and for Tazocin, Colistin and Tigecycline was performed with disk diffusion method.Results: For Colistin 10 samples, and for Tazocin, 40 samples were performed by E-test method. Then boumannii species of bacteria and non-baumannii Acinetobacter were separated by PCR and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on them. 89% of Acinetobacter samples were boumannii species, which was isolated from respiratory secretions at ICU.Conclusion: Boumannii and non-boumannii species of bacteria with a high percentage were resistant to Ceftazidim, Amikacine, Cefepime, Tazocin and Imipenem. All baumannii and non-boumannii Acinetobacter were sensitive to Colistin, were only 75% sensitive to Tigecycline, which is a new glycylcycline. Colistin and Tazocin results in samples limited to the E-test method were similar with disk diffusion

Are the determinants of the progression to type 2 diabetes and regression to normoglycemia in the populations with pre-diabetes the same?

Funding The main project has been funded by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Assosition of diabetes and hypertension with the incidence of chronic kidney disease: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

زمینه و هدف: بیماری مزمن کلیوی اختلالی شایع است که با افزایش خطر بیماری های قلبی- عروقی، نارسایی کلیه و بروز عوارض دیگر همراه است. پیر شدن جمعیت و رشد شیوع جهانی دیابت و فشار خون بالا باعث افزایش شیوع بیماری مزمن کلیوی در سراسر جهان شده است. در این مطالعه ما به بررسی خطر دیابت، فشار خون بالا و برهمکنش آن ها بر بروز بیماری مزمن کلیوی پرداختیم. روش بررسی: این مطالعه یک مطالعه ثانویه بر داده های مطالعه قند و لیپید تهران است. در این مطالعه یک جمعیت 7342 نفری20 سال و بالاتر (8/46 مرد) مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. ابتدا شرکت کنندگان به 4 گروه تقسیم شدند: گروه اول: شامل افراد بدون دیابت و بدون فشار خون بالا، گروه دوم: افراد دارای دیابت و بدون فشار خون بالا، گروه سوم: افراد بدون دیابت و دارای فشار خون بالا و گروه چهارم: افراد دارای هر دو عامل دیابت و فشار خون بالا بودند. سپس با استفاده از مدل رگرسیونی چند متغیره کاکس نسبت مخاطره هر گروه نسبت به گروه اول و با تعدیل متغیرهای سن، میزان پالایش گلومرولی، تحصیلات، وضعیت سیگار کشیدن، کلسترول سرم، تری گلیسیرید سرم، HDL سرم، نمایه توده بدنی و نمره گرایش محاسبه شد. یافته ها: در مردان گروه دوم، دیابت (بدون فشار خون بالا) با نسبت مخاطره (69/2-39/1)94/1 و در مردان گروه سوم فشار خون بالا (بدون دیابت) با نسبت مخاطره (96/1-27/1)58/1 هر دو عامل خطر بیماری مزمن کلیوی بودند. به همین ترتیب در زنان نیز نسبت مخاطره دیابت و فشار خون بالا به ترتیب (51/1-93/0)18/1 و (47/1-05/1)24/1 بود. همچنین در مردان و زنان دیابت با فشار خون بالا برهمکنش معنی داری در بروز بیماری مزمن کلیوی نداشتند. نتیجه گیری: یافته های این مطالعه نشان می دهد که فشار خون بالا بدون توجه به حضور یا عدم حضور دیابت در هر دو جنس یک عامل خطر مستقل در بروز بیماری مزمن کلیوی می باشد

Active immunization using exotoxin A confers protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a mouse burn model

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </it>is an important cause of nosocomial infection and may lead to septicemia and death. We evaluated the immunogenicity of semi-purified exotoxin A from the bacterium in a mouse burn model.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The toxoid was prepared from exotoxin A taken from toxigenic strains of <it>P. aeruginosa </it>(PA 103). 50 mice were immunized with the toxoid, burned with hot metal and infected with 1 × 10⁸CFU of toxigenic strains of <it>P. aeruginosa </it>(experimental group); 25 non-immunized mice were also burned and infected (control group). The mortality rate and presence of any exotoxin and <it>P. aeruginosa </it>in the sera, liver and spleen were determined.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the experimental group, 2 mice died before the burns were administered and were excluded from the study. The remainder (48 mice) were challenged with a lethal dose of <it>P. aeruginosa </it>and followed for 70 days. 3 of these mice died. Neither <it>P. aeruginosa </it>nor exotoxin A was not detected in the liver, spleen or sera of the surviving mice. The protective efficacy of toxoid vaccination was therefore 93.8%. In the control group, all mice died from bacteremia and septicemia, most (80%) within 6 days, and <it>P. aeruginosa </it>and exotoxin A were isolated from sera, spleen and liver.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Active immunization of mice using a semi-purified exotoxin A derived from <it>P. aeruginosa </it>was 93.8% effective at protecting mice from subsequent <it>P. aeruginosa </it>infections in a mouse burn model.</p

Iranian general populations' and health care providers' preferences for benefits and harms of statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Acknowledgements This study was conducted at the Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran. Lown Scholar Program of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health helped in funding and designing the study. We thank the respectful staff of the Non-Communicable Diseases Office of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran for their help and advice on developing the survey. We gratefully thank Prof. MA Puhan for sharing their experience on the design and implementation of best-worst scaling. Funding This study is a part of a project funded by the National Institute of Medical Research. Development (NIMAD) (Grant No. 964114) and was supported by the Iran University of Medical. Sciences. The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Timely referral to health centers for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases: IraPEN national program

IntroductionThe IraPEN program is an adapted version of the WHO-PEN program designed to prevent four major non-communicable diseases in Iran. This study aimed to determine the rate of compliance and related factors among individuals participating in the IraPEN program for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.MethodIn this study, compliance was defined as timely referral to the health center as scheduled, and the researchers approached four pilot sites of IraPEN from March 2016 to March 2018. Sex-stratified logistic regressions were applied to investigate factors related to compliance. However, it is important to note that in this study, compliance was defined as compliance to revisit, not compliance to taking prescribed medications or behavioral lifestyle changes.ResultsThe total compliance rate, including timely compliance and early and late compliance, was 16.5% in men and 23.3% in women. The study found that cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and being underweight were associated with lower compliance. The higher calculated risk of CVD was associated with higher compliance, but after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, high-risk individuals showed lower compliance. There was negligible interaction between sex and other factors for compliance.ConclusionThe compliance rate with scheduled programs for cardiovascular preventive strategies was very low, and high-risk individuals were less compliant, regardless of their high level of risk factors. The study recommends further training to increase awareness and knowledge regarding the IraPEN program and the prevention of non-communicable diseases among high-risk populations

Type 2 diabetes remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) : results of the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery study

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the staff at the Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center (MISRC) in Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital. Funding Information: This study was supported by the Deputy of Research of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Peer reviewedPublisher PD