Models of Russia's Macroeconomic Policy at the Turn of the 21st Century

At present the modelling of macroeconomic processes appears to hold theoretical as well as applied interest. Hence, in the present article this method is used with regard to the Russian economy, presenting its actual economic practice in the last decade of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century. The author describes three macroeconomic models, taking into consideration the fact that the country is being profoundly influenced by the global financial crisis. The discussed models are: transition economy model, economic growth model and crisis-management model.Autor analizuje w artykule trzy modele makroekonomiczne polityki gospodarczej: model gospodarki transformującej się, model wzrostu gospodarczego i model zarządzania kryzysem

Developing Mathematics Enrichment Workshops for Middle School Students: Philosophy and Sample Workshops

This paper describes our approach to organizing enrichment activities using advanced mathematics topics for diverse audiences of middle school students. We discuss our philosophy and approaches for the structure of these workshops, and then provide sample schedules and resource materials. The workshops cover activities on the following topics: Graphing Calculators; The Chaos Game; Statistical Sampling; CT Scans–the reconstruction problem; The Platonic and Archimedean solids; The Shape of Space; Symmetry; The Binary Number System and the game of NIM; Graph Theory: Proof by Counterexample

Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase participates in nitric oxide consumption by rat brain

In low nanomolar concentrations, NO (nitric oxide) functions as a transmitter in brain and other tissues, whereas near-micromolar NO concentrations are associated with toxicity and cell death. Control of the NO concentration, therefore, is critical for proper brain function, but, although its synthesis pathway is well-characterized, the major route of breakdown of NO in brain is unclear. Previous observations indicate that brain cells actively consume NO at a high rate. The mechanism of this consumption was pursued in the present study. NO consumption by a preparation of central glial cells was abolished by cell lysis and recovered by addition of NADPH. NADPH-dependent consumption of NO localized to cell membranes and was inhibited by proteinase K, indicating the involvement of a membrane-bound protein. Purification of this activity yielded CYPOR (cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase). Antibodies against CYPOR inhibited NO consumption by brain membranes and the amount of CYPOR in several cell types correlated with their rate of NO consumption. NO was also consumed by purified CYPOR but this activity was found to depend on the presence of the vitamin E analogue Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid), included in the buffer as a precaution against inadvertent NO consumption by lipid peroxidation. In contrast, NO consumption by brain membranes was independent of Trolox. Hence, it appears that, during the purification process, CYPOR becomes separated from a partner needed for NO consumption. Cytochrome P450 inhibitors inhibited NO consumption by brain membranes, making these proteins likely candidates

Power Law Distribution of the Duration and Magnitude of Recessions in Capitalist Economies : Breakdown of Scaling

Power law distributions of macroscopic observables are ubiquitous in both the natural and social sciences. They are indicative of correlated, cooperative phenomena between groups of interacting agents at the microscopic level. In this paper we argue that when one is considering aggregate macroeconomic data (annual growth rates in real per capita GDP in the seventeen leading capitalist economies from 1870 through to 1994) the magnitude and duration of recessions over the business cycle do indeed follow power law like behaviour for a significant proportion of the data (demonstrating the existence of cooperative phenomena amongst economic agents). Crucially, however, there are systematic deviations from this behaviour when one considers the frequency of occurrence of large recessions. Under these circumstances the power law scaling breaks down. It is argued that it is the adaptive behaviour of the agents (their ability to recognise the changing economic environment) which modifies their cooperative behaviour.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures, Accepted for Publication in Physica

Analyzing the Gender Gap on an Entrance Exam for Mathematically Talented Students

We investigate the qualifying entrance exam for the University of Minnesota Talented Youth Mathematics Program (UMTYMP), a five-year accelerated program covering high school- and undergraduate-level mathematics. The exam is used to assess the computational, numerical reasoning, and geometric skills of hundreds of fifth-, sixth-, and seventh-grade students annually. It has accurately identified qualified students in past years, but female participants consistently have had lower overall scores. Based on our belief that they are equally well qualified, in 2011 we began an extensive investigation into the structure and content of the exam to determine the possible sources for these differences. After gathering and analyzing data, we made relatively modest changes in 2012 which essentially eliminated the gender bias on one version of the entrance exam, increasing the percentage of females who qualified. The other unmodified versions in 2012 exhibited the typical gender difference from previous years. We continue to analyze the possible reasons for the gender differences while monitoring the overall student performance upon entering the Program

A Self-organising Model of Market with Single Commodity

We have studied here the self-organising features of the dynamics of a model market, where the agents `trade' for a single commodity with their money. The model market consists of fixed numbers of economic agents, money supply and commodity. We demonstrate that the model, apart from showing a self-organising behaviour, indicates a crucial role for the money supply in the market and also its self-organising behaviour is seen to be significantly affected when the money supply becomes less than the optimum. We also observed that this optimal money supply level of the market depends on the amount of `frustration' or scarcity in the commodity market.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures (encapsulated postscript

PENANAMAN MODAL ASING DILIHAT DARI PRESPEKTIF OTONOMI DAERAH

Perkembangan perekonomian suatu negara, khususnya negara berkembang seperti Indonesia sangat ditentukan dari tingkat pertumbuhan penanaman modal asing. Penanaman modal asing memegang peranan penting dalam peningkatan devisa suatu negara. Kegiatan perdagangan internasional tidak dapat terlepas dari penanaman modal asing karena memberikan keuntungan kepada semua pihak, tidak hanya bagi investor saja, tetapi juga bagi perekonomian negara tempat modal itu ditanamkan serta bagi negara asal para investor.Sebagai negara berkembang, Indonesia berada pada posisi yang sangat berkepentingan dalam mengundang investor asing untuk memacu pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional. Menyadari pentingnya penanaman modal asing, pemerintah Indonesia terus berupaya menumbuhkan iklim investasi yang kondusif guna menarik calon investor untuk menarik modal asing masuk ke Indonesia.Berbagai strategi untuk mengundang investor asing telah dilakukan agar para investor asing tertarik untuk menanamkan modalnya dan merasa nyaman dalam melakukan penanaman modal di Indonesia. Kata kunci: Penanaman modal asing, otonomi daera

DELIBERATION, JUDGEMENT AND THE NATURE OF EVIDENCE

A normative Bayesian theory of deliberation and judgement requires a procedure for merging the evidence of a collection of agents. In order to provide such a procedure, one needs to ask what the evidence is that grounds Bayesian probabilities. After finding fault with several views on the nature of evidence (the views that evidence is knowledge; that evidence is whatever is fully believed; that evidence is observationally set credence; that evidence is information), it is argued that evidence is whatever is rationally taken for granted. This view is shown to have consequences for an account of merging evidence, and it is argued that standard axioms for merging need to be altered somewhat