Comparison of Two Retention Appliances with Respect to Clinical Effectiveness

Objective:The aim of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of Essix and Hawley retainers during the retention period.Methods:A total of 30 subjects whose fixed orthodontic treatment results were evaluated according to the American Board of Orthodontics Phase III Objective Grading system were included in this study. After the removal of orthodontic attachments, the study participants were equally divided into two retention protocols: upper-lower Essix and upper-lower Hawley. The subjects were instructed to wear their retainers full time for 6 months, except during meals, and during nights only for 6 months. The clinical effectiveness of the retainers was evaluated according to the overjet, overbite, maxillary, and mandibular intercanine widths, intermolar widths, arch lengths, irregularity indexes, and lateral cephalometric measurements. All dental model and lateral cephalometric measurements were performed by the same investigator during three periods: pre-treatment, post-treatment, and post-retention.Results:The overjet, overbite, maxillary, and mandibular intercanine widths; intermolar widths; and arch lengths and lateral cephalometric measurements were not statistically significantly different between the groups and identified time periods. Although the maxillary and mandibular irregularity indexes increased from the post-treatment to post-retention periods, the difference was not statistically significant. Pre-treatment, post-treatment, and post-retention lateral cephalometric measurements were not statistically significantly different between and within the groups.Conclusion:According to the results of a repeated-measures analysis of variance with two factors, and although an increase was found in the maxillary and mandibular irregularity indexes, the clinical effectiveness of Essix and Hawley retainers was found to be similar during the retention period

Ramelteon Protects Intestinal Tissue Against Injury Caused by Methotrexate Via Showing Anti-apoptotic, Antiinflammatory and Antioxidant Properties

Objective:Methotrexate (MTX), a drug used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancers, is a folic acid antagonist, but it has toxic effects on the gastrointestinal system (GIS). In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of Ramelteon (RAM), a melatonin receptor agonist, on the MTX-induced toxicity in the intestinal tissue of rats.Methods:Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; Control group, MTX group, MTX + RAM group, and RAM group. Single-dose 0.1 mL 20 mg/kg MTX, saline or 0.1 mL 10 mg/kg RAM orally was administered for 7 days. Animals were sacrificed at the end of 7 days after the last drug administration. Then, intestinal tissues were collected for biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses.Results:While normal histological findings and biochemical parameters were observed in the control and RAM groups, in the MTX group, mononuclear cell infiltrations, hemorrhagic areas, degenerations in the submucosa and Lieberkuhn crypts were observed in the intestinal sections. Caspase-3 (Cas-3) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expressions, total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) increased and total antioxidant status (TAS) decreased in the MTX group. RAM treatment decreased Cas-3 and TNF-α expressions, TOS, OSI levels and increased TAS levels.Conclusion:In this study, RAM showed anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on MTX-induced toxicity in intestinal tissue. Therefore, it was suggested that RAM might be used in MTX-like toxicities to alleviate the side effects on the GIS

Investigation of entomopathogenic fungi and their biological activities in ecological conditions of Duzce

YÖK Tez No: 577308Bu çalışma Düzce ilinde yayılış gösteren entomopatojenik fungusların belirlenmesi, yaygınlık ve dağılım durumlarının ortaya konması ve farklı ortam koşullarındaki etkinliklerinin tespiti amacıyla yapılmıştır. Farklı özelliklere sahip 54 lokasyonlardan alınan toprak örneklerininden Beauveria bassiana türüne ait 29, Metarhizium anisopliae türüne ait 16 izolat olmak üzere toplam 45 izolat elde edilmiştir. Entomopatojen fungusların genel yaygınlık oranı %33.33 iken tür bazındaki yaygınlık oranları ise B. bassiana ve M. anisopliae türleri için sırasıyla %24.07 ve %11.11 olarak bulunmuştur. M. anisopliae 126-286 m arasında değişen rakımlardan, B. bassiana ise 19-1298 m arasında değişen rakımlardan izole edilmiştir. Ayrıca B. bassiana izolatları tarımsal ve ormanlık arazilerden, M. anisopliae izolatları ise çoğunlukla tarım arazileri ve meralık alanlardan elde edilmiştir. İzolatlar gerek doğrudan böceğe püskürtme, gerekse dolaylı olarak substrata uygulama sonrası Tenebrio molitor larvaları üzerinde yüksek öldürücü etki göstermiştir. Fungal izolatlar larvalara karşı püskürtme yoluyla (1x106 konidi/ml) uygulandığında B. bassiana YK11 ile YK16 ve M. anisopliae YK43, YK44 ve YK45 izolatlarının öldürme oranları 7 gün içerisinde %100 olmuştur. 10 gün içerisinde %100 öldürme etkinliği gösteren 12 izolat için öldürme süreleri (LT50 ve LT90) hesaplanmıştır. LT50 ve LT90 değerleri B. bassiana izolatları için 43.08 ila 183.61 saat iken bu değerler M. anisopliae izolatları için 10.48 ila 189.24 saat olarak bulunumuştur. Buğdaya uygulama (1x107 konidi/ml dozda) sonrası izolatların etkinlikleri %3'lük süspansiyonda düşük iken (en yüksek %36.67) %10'luk süspansiyonda önemli oranda artmış ve B. bassiana YK23 ve YK26 izolatları için %93.33 ve %100'e ulaşmıştır. Aynı dozdaki toprak uygulamasında ise B. bassiana YK14, M. anisopliae YK38 ve YK45 izolatları T. molitor larvalarının tamamını 7 gün içerisinde öldürmüştür. Düzce ilinden elde edilen B. bassiana ve M. anisopliae izolatlarının farklı koşullar altında T. molitor larvalarına karşı oldukça yüksek etki göstermiş olması bu fungusların tarımsal zarara neden böceklere karşı biyolojik mücadelede değerlendirilebileceğini göstermektedir.This study was carried out in order to determine entomopathogenic fungi occuring in Duzce province, to determine the prevalence and distribution, and to determine their activity in different environmental conditions. A total of 45 isolates were obtained from 54 soil samples of different location, including 29 isolates of Beauveria bassiana and 16 isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae. The overall prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi was 33.33% and the prevalence rates were 24.07% and 11.11% for B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, respectively. M. anisopliae was isolated from altitudes ranging from 126-286 m and B. bassiana from altitudes ranging from 19-1298 m. In addition, B. bassiana isolates were obtained from farmland and forestry land and M. anisopliae isolates were mostly obtained from farmland and pasture areas. The isolates showed high lethal effect on the larvae of Tenebrio molitor after the directly spraying on the insect and indirectly on the substrate. Fungal isolates were applied against the larvae (1x106 conidi/ml). The mortality rates of B. bassiana YK11 and YK16, and M. anisopliae YK43, YK44 and YK45 isolates were reached to 100% within 7 days. Lethal times (LT50 and LT90) for 12 isolates showing 100% mortality was calculated. The LT50 and LT90 values were fluctuated from 43.08 to 183.61h for B. bassiana, while were fluctuated from 10.48 to 189.24h for M. anisopliae isolates. The efficacy of the isolates after the application to the wheat (1x107 conidi/ml dose) was lower in the 3% (w/v) aqueous suspension (<36.67%) but, mortalities significantly increased in the 10% aqueous suspension and mortality rates reached to 93.33% and 100% for the B. bassiana YK23 and YK26 isolates, respectively. In the same dose, B. bassiana YK14, M. anisopliae YK38 and YK45 isolates caused complete mortality against T. molitor larvae in 7 days after the soil application. B. bassiana and M. anisopliae isolates obtaining from Duzce province, exhibited a very high effect against T. molitor larvae under different conditions. Findings show that these fungi can be evaluated in biological control against insects causing agricultural damage

The Effect of Scripting on Acquiring Conversation Skills of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Bu araştırmanın amacı, replikli öğretimin otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylerin karşılıklı konuşma becerileri kazanmalarına etkisini ölçmektir. Araştırmaya yaşları 4-7 arasında değişen OSB tanısı almış 4 çocuk katılmıştır. Bu araştırmada tek denekli araştırma modellerinden katılımcılar arası yoklama denemeli çoklu yoklama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada etkililik için başlama düzeyi, aralıklı yoklama, öğretim, genelleme ve izleme verileri toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonunda etkililik amaçları doğrultusunda ulaşılan veriler grafikle gösterilerek analiz edilmiştir. Genelleme verileri ön test - son test uygulaması şeklinde ölçülmüş ve bulgular görsel olarak sunulmuştur. Ayrıca ebeveynlerin ve öğretmenlerin araştırmanın sosyal geçerliğine ilişkin görüşleri araştırma sonrasında yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formları aracılığıyla toplanmış ve analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmaya dâhil edilen çocukların önemli günlerde çekilen fotoğrafları ve bu fotoğraflarla ilgili üç sözcükten oluşan replikleri belirlenmiştir. Öğretim oturumlarında kullanılmak üzere tablet bilgisayara önceden yüklenmiş olan StoryCreator® uygulaması vasıtasıyla mevcut fotoğraflar yüklenip bir fotoğraf albümü oluşturulmuş ve her fotoğraf için belirlenmiş replikler sesli olarak kaydedilmiştir. Öğretim oturumlarında ölçüt karşılandıktan sonra replikler son sözcükten başlayarak sistematik bir şekilde silikleştirilmiştir. Öğretim oturumları tamamlandıktan sonra aynı araç seti ile farklı ortamlarda farklı kişiler ile genelleme oturumları düzenlenmiştir. Araştırmanın tamamlanmasından sonra fotoğraf albümü hakkında karşılıklı konuşma becerilerinin denekler tarafından ne düzeyde kullanıldığını belirleyebilmek için ikinci, dördüncü ve altıncı haftalarda izleme oturumları düzenlenmiştir. ii Araştırma bulgularına göre, araştırmaya katılan deneklerin replikli öğretim uygulaması ile sözlü iletişim kurma becerisini edindikleri; farklı ortam ve kişilere genelledikleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca katılımcıların edindikleri beceriyi iki, dört ve altı hafta sonra da sürdürdükleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca denekler tarafından öğretimi yapılan repliklerin dışında yeni ifadelerin de kullanıldığı kaydedilmiştir. Araştırma sonunda sosyal geçerlik verilerinden elde edilen bulgulara göre replikli öğretimin çocukların iletişim becerilerini arttırmada etkili olduğuna dair görüşler alınmıştır. Buna ek olarak, bu uygulama ile kazanılan becerilerin çocuklar tarafından farklı ortamlarda farklı kişiler ile de kullanıldığı bildirilmiştir.The aim of the study is to measure the effect of scripting on acquiring conversation skills of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Four kids aged between 4 and 7 participated in the study. As one of the single subject designs, multiple probe design across participants was used in this study. The effectiveness data were gathered from baseline, probes, intervention, generalization and maintenance sessions. Effectiveness data were analyzed and presented in tables and figures. Generalization data were collected as pretest and posttest procedure and reflected on figures. Targeting the participants’ parents and trainers, the social validity data were collected through semi-structured interview questions prepared by the researcher at the end of the study. The photographs of the children included in the study taken on important occasions and their three/four word scripts related with these photographs were determined. The existing photos were uploaded to the pre-loaded StoryCreator® application to be used in the teaching sessions and the pre-determined scripts were recorded vocally. In the teaching sessions, upon reaching the criterion, the scripts were systematically faded starting from the last word. After the teaching sessions were completed, generalization sessions were held with different people in different environments with the same photograph album. Following the completion of the study, follow-up sessions were held in the second, fourth and sixth weeks in order to determine the level of conversation skills about the photographs was used by the subjects. iv According to the findings of the research, it was found that the subjects participating in the study acquired the ability to interact verbally with the application of scripting and it was also found that the subjects could generalize acquired skills to different environments and people. Moreover, it was determined that the participants continued their skills after two, four and six weeks. It was also noted that new expressions were used in addition to the scripts taught by the subjects. At the end of the study, according to the findings obtained from the social validity data, opinions were taken that the scripting was effective in increasing the communication skills of children. Furthermore, it has been reported that the skills acquired through this application have been used by children in different environments with different people

Native Entomopathogenic Fungi Isolated from Duzce, Turkey and their Virulence on the Mealworm Beetle [Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)]

Karaborklu, Salih/0000-0003-4737-853XWOS: 000467889200009Native entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from Duzce province of Turkey and their virulence was tested against Tenebrio molitor larvae using direct spraying and grain spraying methods. Forty-five isolates were obtained. Beauveria bassiana was obtained from 24.07% of the soil samples and Metarhizium anisopliae from 11.11% of the soil samples. The level of insecticidal activity of the isolates fluctuated between 20% and 100%, when directly sprayed on the larvae. In the direct spray application, the most effective isolates were B. bassiana YK11, YK16, M. anisopliae YK43, YK44 and YK45. These isolates caused 100% mortality on the larvae of T. molitor at 168 h. In 12 isolates, there was 100% mortality at 240 h under laboratory condition. Lethal time (LT50) of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae isolates varied from 10.48 to 127.40 h. Virulence of the fungal isolates in 3% (w/v) aqueous suspension was lower than that in the 10% aqueous (w/v) suspension in the grain spray application. Virulence of fungal isolates was significant in 10% aqueous suspension and 93.33% and 100% mortality were observed in B. bassiana YK23 and YK26, respectively, at 240 h. B. bassiana and M. anisopliae isolates showed promising effectiveness for the control of insect pests.Duzce University Scientific Research Projects UnitDuzce University [2017.11.02.651]The authors thank the Duzce University Scientific Research Projects Unit (Project No. 2017.11.02.651) for the support, and Dr. Khawar Jabran for the language edit prior to submission of the article for publication

Sella turcica bridging and ponticulus posticus calcification in subjects with different dental anomalies

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the bridging and dimensions of the sella turcica and calcification of the ponticulus posticus in subjects with different dental anomalies. Methods: Pretreatment records of orthodontic patients with palatally impacted canines (n = 95), mandibular second premolar agenesis (n = 45), maxillary lateral incisor agenesis (n = 75), tooth transpositions (TT, n = 25), peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors (n = 30), and third molar agenesis (TMA, n = 145) were analyzed and compared with the control group (CG) consisting of 145 subjects with skeletal Class I malocclusion and no dental anomalies. The length, diameter, and depth of the sella turcica were calculated for each patient. The degree of sella turcica bridging was scored as type I, II, and III, whereas the extent of ponticulus posticus was classified as Class I, II, and III. Results: Only decreases in the length and diameter of the sella turcica in subjects with TT were found to be statistically significant. Although type II bridging frequency was found to be significantly lower in subjects with mandibular second premolar agenesis, maxillary lateral incisor agenesis, TT, and TMA, type III bridging frequency was found to be significantly higher only in subjects with TMA. The decrease in Class I calcification frequencies and the increase in Class II calcification frequencies were found to be significant in subjects with palatally impacted canines, TT, and TMA compared with the CG. In addition, the presence of Class III calcification was found to be significantly more frequent in subjects with TMA than in the CG. Conclusions: Although type II and type III bridging frequencies were found to be higher than in previous studies because of the higher type II bridging frequency in the CG, type II bridging frequency was found to be insignificant. Furthermore, an increased frequency of ponticulus posticus calcification was observed in subjects with palatally impacted canines, TT, and TMA

A research on the basic psychological needs of swimmers in Kocaeli province in terms of any variances (İzmit district case)

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the basic psychological requirements of swimmers who perform individual sports in Kocaeli province with respect to certain variables. The sample of the study consisted of 80 swimmers who perform individual sports in Kocaeli province, İzmit district between the years of 2016 – 2017, 32 of whom were male and 42 of whom were female. In collecting data, the Basic Psychological Needs Scale which was developed by [4] was used in order to determine the psychological needs of individuals. Basic Psychological Needs Scale was adapted into Turkish by [9] A personal information form that was developed by the researcher was used. No significant difference was observed when basic psychological need scores were compared according to gender (P<0,05). In consequence of comparing the results of basic psychological need scale by means of age variable, a significant difference was observed by means of the need for relatedness between the 14 – 16 and 20 – 22 age groups (P<0,05). When basic psychological need scores were compared with respect to educational background, a significant difference was found in terms of the need for autonomy, need for competence and need for relatedness while a significant difference was observed by means of all scores (p<0,05). With respect to need for autonomy and need for competence; a significant difference was observed between Secondary Education and High School while the need for relatedness and total scores created a significant difference between Secondary Education and University (p<0,05). As a consequence of the comparison between the results of basic psychological need scale according to family attitudes, a significant difference was only observed by means of the need for competence between the variables (p<0,05). With respect to the sub-dimension of the need for competence, a significant difference was found between democratic family structure and authoritarian family structure (P<0,05). As a result of a comparison between basic psychological needs considering the educational background of female parents, there was a significant difference between the variants by means of the need for competence and the need for relatedness. With respect to need for competence and relatedness, a significant difference was observed for both, between the educational levels of primary school and high school (P<0,05)

KARIŞIK DİŞLENME DÖNEMİNDE SÜRMEMİŞ KANİN VE PREMOLAR DİŞLERİN MEZİYO-DİSTAL GENİŞLİKLERİNİN TAHMİNİNDE KULLANILAN FARKLI ANALİZ YÖNTEMLERİNİN GÜVENİLİRLİKLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı karışık dişlenme döneminde sıklıkla kullanılan üç farklı analiz yönteminin güvenirliklerinin değerlendirilmesidir. Materyal-metod: Bu araştırma Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Ortodonti Anabilim Dalı arşivinde yer alan, birinci molar dişlere kadar tüm daimi dişleri sürmüş, 12-22 yaşları arasındaki 147 bireyin alçı modelleri kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Çalışma modelleri üzerinde gerekli dişlerin meziyo-distal boyutları 0.01 mm hassasiyete sahip dijital kumpas kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Sürmemiş kanin ve premolar dişlerin meziyo-distal boyutlarının tahmininde Moyers olasılık tablosu, Tanaka-Johnston denklemi, Bernabe ve Floris-Mir regresyon eşitliği kullanılmıştır. Cinsiyet ve dental arklar arasında diş boyutlarının karşılaştırılmasında Student t testi kullanılmıştır. Kanin ve premolar dişlerin tahmini boyutları için denklemlerin belirlenmesinde lineer regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Tüm gruplarda Bernabe ve FlorisMir regresyon eşitliği ve Tanaka-Johnston denklemiyle belirlenen tahmini boyutların gerçek boyutlardan daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kadınlarda üst çenede Moyers %75, alt çenede Moyers %50 olasılık tablosu; erkeklerde üst çene ve alt çenede Moyers %50 olasılık tablosuyla belirlenen tahmini boyutlarla gerçek boyutlar arasındaki farkın ise istatistik olarak anlamlı olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Kadınlarda üst çenede Moyers %75, alt çenede Moyers %50; erkeklerde ise üst ve alt çenede Moyers %50 olasılık tablosuyla gerçeğe yakın sonuçların elde edilebildiği saptanmıştır

Normoresponder hastalarda in-vitro fertilizasyon başarısızlığı sonrası protokol seçimi ne olmalı: Agonist mi, antagonist mi?

Amaç: Gonadotropin salgılatıcı hormon (GnRH) agonist ile downregüle edilmiş, başarısız bir in-vitro fertilizasyon (İVF) siklusunu takip eden tedavi siklusunda protokol tercihinin agonist veya antagonist olmasının gebelik sonuçları üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu bir retrospektif çalışmadır. Bir İVF ünitesinde 2002-2012 yılları arasında GnRH agonist protokol kullanılan ve başarısız bir İVF siklusu sonrasında bir yıl içinde tekrar İVF uygulanan 269 hasta çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Hastaların yaşı, FSH değerleri, antral follikül sayıları, indüksiyon süreleri, toplanılan oosit sayısı, transfer edilen embriyo sayısı ve transfer günleri, klinik ve devam eden gebelik oranları her iki tedavi siklusu için değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Normoresponder hastalar ikinci siklusta agonist ya da antagonist protokol seçimine göre ikiye ayrılmış ve ardışık iki İVF sikluslarının sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Uygulanan gonadotropin dozu, indüksiyon süresi, elde edilen oosit sayısı, embriyo transfer günü ve sayısı açısından her iki grup arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark saptanmamıştır (p>0,05). Ayrıca fertilizasyon, klinik ve devam eden gebelik oranları açısından her iki grup benzer oranlara sahiptir. Sonuç: Normoresponder hastalarda İVF başarısızlığı sonrasında antagonist tedavi seçimi agonist protokoller kadar etkilidir. J Turk Soc Obstet Gynecol 2014;4:198-202Objective: Evaluation of the impact of agonist or antagonist protocol selection on pregnancy outcomes after failure of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment cycles which were down regulated with Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) agonist. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study. Two hundred and sixty nine patients who were treated with GnRH agonist protocol between years 2002-2012 at an IVF unit and underwent a second attempt following one year period after failure of IVF enrolled in the study. Age, basal FSH levels, antral follicle counts, duration of induction, the number of yielded oocytes, the number of transferred embryos and the transfer days, clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates were evaluated for each treatment cycle. Results: Normoresponder patients were separated into two groups according to the agonist or antagonist protocol selection at the second attempt and the results of two consequent IVF cycles were compared. There were no statistically significant difference between the groups for the dosage of administered gonadotropin, duration of induction, the count of yielded oocytes, the day and the number of transferred embryos (p>0.05). Furthermore the fertilization rate, clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates were similar in two groups. Conclusion: The selection of antagonist treatment is effective as agonist protocols at normoresponder patients after failure of IVF. J Turk Soc Obstet Gynecol 2014;4:198-20