Impact of titanium doping on Al self-diffusion in alumina

α-Al2O3 is an important refractory material which has numerous technical applications: as an in situ growing self-healing oxide scale, as a massive material and as reinforcement fibres in composites. For modelling diffusion controlled processes (creep, sintering, alpha-alumina scale growth on aluminium bearing Fe or Ni base alloys) it is necessary to study self-diffusion of the constituent elements

Investigating the mechanism of ethanol-enhanced GABA release

Historically, while research on the actions of ethanol at the GABAergic synapse has focused on postsynaptic mechanisms, recent data have demonstrated that ethanol also increases both evoked and spontaneous GABA release in many brain regions. However, the mechanism through which ethanol acts to enhance GABA release is unknown. The purpose of this dissertation project was to study the mechanism responsible for ethanol-enhanced GABA release at the interneuron-Purkinje cell synapse. First, the ability of ethanol to increase GABA release was characterized with whole-cell voltage clamp recordings. Ethanol increased miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current frequency and decreased the paired-pulse ratio, which suggests that ethanol increases spontaneous and evoked GABA release, respectively. I found that calcium release from inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) and ryanodine receptors, adenylate cyclase, protein kinase A, phospholipase C and protein kinase C all play a role in the ability of ethanol to increase spontaneous GABA release, while influx of extracellular calcium into the neuron was not involved in this mechanism. Because of the questionable selectively of the IP3R antagonist, electron microscopy was used to show that IP3Rs are located in the presynaptic terminals at this synapse. Activation of cannabinoid receptors or GABAB receptors inhibited ethanol-enhanced spontaneous GABA release, but this ethanol mechanism was unaffected by tonic activation of these receptors. It was also determined that both protein kinase A and protein kinase C contribute to the generation of spontaneous GABA release and cross-talk is not occurring between these two intracellular messengers. Overall, the large majority of the intracellular messengers investigated were involved in ethanol-enhanced GABA release. This result is not surprising considering the promiscuous nature of ethanol and the fact that these intracellular messengers can contribute to the generation of spontaneous GABA release. The ability of ethanol to increase GABA release contributes to the GABAergic profile of ethanol, and modulation of the GABAergic system contributes to alcohol intoxication. A person who is less sensitive to the intoxicating effects of alcohol is prone to developing alcoholism; therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms contributing to alcohol intoxication will further our understanding of this disease

Postoperative Befunde an der Wirbelsäule

Zusammenfassung: Die postoperative Bildgebung wird klassischerweise herangezogen zur Dokumentation der korrekten Implantatlage oder um Komplikationen auszuschließen, wenn der Patient postoperativ weiterhin Beschwerden angibt. In Abhängigkeit von der Fragestellung können verschiedene Modalitäten verwendet werden - alle mit Vor- und Nachteilen. Die konventionelle Röntgenuntersuchung wird zur Dokumentation der Implantatlage, Beurteilung der Stabilität oder im Follow-up zur Frage der Instabilität oder einer Implantatfraktur verwendet, wogegen Weichteilveränderungen nicht komplett beurteilt werden können. Neben diesen Indikationen wird eine Bildgebung bei persistierenden Beschwerden (meist Schmerzen) des Patienten veranlasst. Residuelles oder rezidiviertes Bandscheibengewebe, ein Hämatom oder eine Entzündung können am besten mit der MRT beurteilt werden. Die MRT sollte unmittelbar postoperativ durchgeführt werden, um eine physiologische Granulation im Zugangsgebiet von entzündlichen Veränderungen unterscheiden zu können. Oft kann die Bildgebung allein dies nicht unterscheiden, daher ist die Bildgebung nur ein weiteres Puzzelstück. Die Computertomographie ist die Modalität der Wahl zur Beurteilung von Knochen und eine Ergänzung bei neuen Verfahren wie der bildgestützten Kypho- oder Vertebroplasti

Mechanical behaviour of standardized, endoskeleton-including hip spacers implanted into composite femurs

Two-stage reconstruction using an antibiotic loaded cement spacer is the preferred treatment method of late hip joint infections. Hip spacers maintain stability of the joint and length of the limb during treatment period. However, as the material strength of bone cement (PMMA) is limited, spacer fractures led to serious complications in the past. This study investigated the load capacity of custom made hip spacers, developed at the 'Klinik für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie' (Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg / Saar, Germany), and implanted into composite femurs. In a quasi-static test, non-reinforced spacers tolerated hip joint loads of about 3000 N, whereas reinforced spacers with titanium-grade-two endoskeletons doubled this load up to 6000 N. Even for cyclic loading, endoskeleton-including hip spacers tolerated loads of >4500 N with 500,000 load cycles. Thus, an endoskeleton-including spacer should provide a mobile and functional joint through the treatment course. A generated FE-model was used to determine the fracture stresses and allows for further sensitivity analysis

Elution of gentamicin and vancomycin from polymethylmethacrylate beads and hip spacers in vivo

Background and purpose Late infections after total hip arthroplasty are still a problem. Treatment procedures include resection arthroplasty with implantation of antibiotic-loaded beads or implantation of an antibiotic-impreganted spacer. However, little is known about antibiotic elution from bone cement beyond the first 2–3 postoperative days in humans

Brain Regional Differences in the Effect of Ethanol on GABA Release from Presynaptic Terminals

Whereas ethanol has behavioral actions consistent with increased GABAergic function, attempts to demonstrate a direct enhancement of GABA-gated currents by ethanol have produced mixed results. Recent work has suggested that a part of the GABAergic profile of ethanol may result from enhanced GABA release from presynaptic terminals. The present study examines the effect of ethanol on GABA release in several brain regions to assess the regional nature of ethanol-induced GABA release. Whole-cell voltage clamp recording of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) from mechanically dissociated neurons and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) and paired-pulse ratio (PPR) from a slice preparation were used to quantify GABA release. Ethanol produced a concentration-dependent increase in the frequency of sIPSCs recorded from mechanically dissociated cerebellar Purkinje neurons and mIPSCs from substantia nigra neurons without having an effect on sIPSCs recorded from lateral septal or cerebrocortical neurons. This regional difference in the effect of ethanol on GABA release was confirmed with PPR recording from brain slices. These data indicate that ethanol can act on presynaptic terminals to increase GABA release in some brain regions while having little or no effect on GABA release in others. This regional difference is consistent with earlier in vivo studies in which ethanol affected neural activity and sensitivity to GABA in some, but not all, brain sites