The Seriousness of Grammatical Errors on the Qur’anic Text and their Impact on the Appearance of Arabic Grammar: الَّلحْنِ

إنَّ معظم روايات نشأة النحو العربيّ ارتبطت بلحن بعض الأعراب في قراءة عددٍ من النصوص القرآنيَّة، وبعد البحث والتنقيب عن تلك النصوص تبيَّن أنَّها كانت ثلاثة، تُمثِّلُ محورَ حديث العلماء في نشأة الدرس النَّحويّ. من هنا سلَّط البحث الضوء على اللحن في تلك النصوص، وبيّن مدى أثره في نشأة النحو العربي، فقسم على محورين، تناولنا في الأول (الَّلحْن في العَرَبِيَّة مفهومه ونشأتهُ) في حين حمل الثاني الطابع التطبيقي للبحث، فجاء العنوان: (أمثلةٌ لمواقف قرآنيَّة لحن فيها بعضُ النَّاس)، وتضمن الحديث عن ثلاثة نصوص قرآنيَّة. وسبق المحورين التمهيدُ عن العامل الدِّينيّ وأثره في نشأة الدَّرس اللغويّ عمومًا. وكان العامل المشترك في الحكايات التي تناقلها المؤرخون عن هذه النصوص هو أمير المؤمنين (عليه السلام) الذي كان طرفًا في أحداثها.  The majority of the accounts of the emergence of Arabic grammar are associated with the melody of some Arabs in reading a number of Qur’anic texts. With that provided, after researching those texts, it was found that there were three which were the core topic of scholars in discussing the emergence of Arabic grammar. Therefore, the research sheds light on the  melody in those texts, and shows the extent to which it impacts the emergence of Arabic grammar. It is divided into two axes: the first one, tackles the melody in Arabic, its concept and its origin; and, the second is the applicational part ,titled “Examples of Quranic situations which melody some people melodized”, and it discussing three Qur’anic texts. The two axes are preceded by an introduction to the religious factor and its impact on the emergence of the linguistic lessons in general. The common factor in the tales which were reported by historians concerning these texts is the Commander of the believers (PBUH), who was a part in making them happen

Optimal Outsourcing for Intellectual Property Protection and Production Cost Minimization

This paper presents a methodology for optimal outsourcing of products. Outsourcing of products can have the advantage of reducing the production cost, but often causes a risk that important technology may leak and get used by competitors. To help reduce the risk of intellectual property (IP) leakage, a model proposed in this paper assumes that it is possible to separate some of the important geometrical features on some of the product parts that are outsourced, and then manufacture them in-house. The model estimates the fraction of IP-value that is subject to risk of leakage based on patent claims and how they relate to the outsourced parts and/or features. Production cost is modelled by assuming a base cost for manufacturing parts in-house, and then a discount rate is applied if the decision to outsource is made. Separation of geometrical features from manufactured parts introduces additional cost, which is modelled as an overhead if the decision to separate features is made. The outsourcing management process is then viewed as a two-objective problem, with the objectives being the minimization of both the fraction of IP-value at risk of leakage, as well as the production cost. A case study of an auto-slide-hinge mechanism is presented, in which the two-objective optimization problem is transformed into a single-objective constrained problem. Genetic algorithm is then applied iteratively on the problem in order generate the Pareto-plot that visualizes the trade-offs between the two objectives.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87272/4/Saitou56.pd

Emergency Contraception: Knowledge and Attitudes of Family Physicians of a Teaching Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

This study was conducted to assess the knowledge of family medicine providers and their attitudes towards emergency contraception in a teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. A 21-item questionnaire containing the demographic profile of respondents and questions concerning knowledge of and attitudes towards emergency contraception was distributed among participants. In total, 45 interviews were conducted, with a response rate of 100%, with faculty physicians (33%), residents (27%), medical officers (40%), 36% male and 64% female physicians; of them, the majority (64%) were married. Although the large majority (71%) of the respondents reported considerable familiarity with emergency contraception, objective assessment revealed deficiencies in their knowledge. About 38% of the participants incorrectly chose menstrual irregularity as the most common side-effect of progestin-only emergency contraception pills, and only 33% answered that emergency contraception was not an abortifacient while 42% were unsure. Forty percent of the physicians prescribed emergency contraception in the past. The large majority (71%) of the physicians were familiar with emergency contraception, yet deficiencies in knowledge inaccuracies were identified. Barriers to its use were identified as ‘it will promote promiscuity’ (31%), religious/ethical reasons (27%), liability (40%), teratogenicity (44%), and inexperience (40%). Overall attitudes regarding emergency contraception were positive; however, most (82%) physicians were unsatisfied with their current knowledge of emergency contraception, and there was a discrepancy between perceptions of physicians and actual knowledge. Interventions providing education to family physicians regarding emergency contraception is strongly recommended

Tracing the Rules of Sexual Abnormality in the Islamic Jurisprudence

Sexual abnormality or deviation is a social disorder that is considered a violation of social norms and expectations of civility. Such behavior is deemed deviant because it goes against religious rules and values upheld by society. This research aims to establish a middle ground between sexual deviation and Islamic jurisprudence with regard to sexual deviation activities. To achieve this, a comprehensive review of linked data sources was conducted using qualitative and literary research. The findings showed that certain types of sexual deviance such as sadomasochism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, fetishes, and others have not been extensively discussed in fiqh books. According to the rules of Uşul Fiqh, "al-wasāil laha hukmu al-gāyah ", indicates that the law of means (instruments) follows the law of purpose. This shows sexual deviance is considered one of the means to adultery, and as such, it falls under the law of adultery.Sexual abnormality or deviation is a social disorder that is considered a violation of social norms and expectations of civility. Such behavior is deemed deviant because it goes against religious rules and values upheld by society. This research aims to establish a middle ground between sexual deviation and Islamic jurisprudence with regard to sexual deviation activities. To achieve this, a comprehensive review of linked data sources was conducted using qualitative and literary research. The findings showed that certain types of sexual deviance such as sadomasochism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, fetishes, and others have not been extensively discussed in fiqh books. According to the rules of Uşul Fiqh, "al-wasāil laha hukmu al-gāyah ", indicates that the law of means (instruments) follows the law of purpose. This shows sexual deviance is considered one of the means to adultery, and as such, it falls under the law of adultery

The Genetic Diversity Analysis of Tunisian Male Date Palm Cultivars (Phoneix dactylifera L.) Revealed by Phenotypic and Molecular Markers

Tunisian oases reveal an important genetic heritage of date palm cultivars, with various qualities of use. Since the beginning of the century, this heritage has evolved to a selective orientation based on the monoculture of "Deglet Nour," this orientation risks causing the loss of many cultivars. The male of the date palm is part of this heritage and so far remains marginalized. Although they are important for the date palm production cycle, it is in this context that lies our work to study the genetic diversity of a collection of male date palm pollinators from southern Tunisia. The morphological study of the 20 date palm pollinators using 45 IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) descriptors showed significant discrimination, with a similarity index ranging from 0.207 to 0.457, divided them into five similarity groups. The use of 7 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequences Repeat) primers resulted in 64 reproducible bands, of which 57 were 90% polymorphic, and statistical analysis showed a more or less significant genetic diversity with genetic distances 0.491 to 0.873. According to the Mentel test, a non-significant weak correlation (r = 0.015) was noted between the molecular and morphological data. However, the processing of molecular data by various methods generated very significant correlations. Indeed, the correlation between the SM (Simple matching) coefficient and the DICE coefficient showed an important correlation with r = 0.748, which confirms the discriminating power of the ISSR markers in studying the genetic diversity of date palm pollinators

Design for Vehicle Structural Crashworthiness Via Crash Mode Matching.

Vehicle crashworthiness is an important design attribute which designers strive to improve. However, design for structural crashworthiness is a difficult task. A vehicle structure must have strength to shield the passenger compartment, as well as compliance to cushion the impact energy. The best known analysis method for crashworthiness performance prediction is nonlinear finite element (FE). FE analysis of detailed vehicle models requires enormous computational resources thereby hindering the success of general-purpose optimization approaches. An approach which is more of an art than a formal procedure is that of crash mode matching. Qualitatively, the crash mode is the observed gross-motion of the structure and its time history of deformation in various zones. Crash mode matching involves adjusting the design variables of the structure in order to achieve a desirable structural deformation history, which an experienced designer can typically do while requiring only a few trial FE runs. This dissertation to develops an algorithmic methodology by formalizing this crash mode matching approach. A quantitative representation of the crash mode is introduced as a matrix of time series of the structural deformation history, with dimensions of the matrix being the structural location and type of deformation. A comparison metric is then introduced for the degree of matching between crash modes as the integral of the error between the time series. An automated algorithm for crash mode matching heuristically directs stochastic sampling of the design space by adjusting the mean and standard deviation of normal distributions on the design variables. Adjustment of the mean and standard deviation is performed via Fuzzy logic rules that are defined by the algorithm user in analogy to the type of decisions that an experienced designer would make. Stochastic search allows for global convergence properties, as well as accounting for different expert designers sometimes having different opinions on how to modify a design. Implementation of the proposed framework is applied to two real-life case studies involving front half of a vehicle, as well as full vehicle models. The studies show success in attaining high performance designs, while requiring a modest number of FE runs, hence reasonable computational resources.Ph.D.Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60666/1/khamza_1.pd

Buckling Behavior of Thin Wall Stiffened Cylindrical Shells Through ML Techniques

Stiffened cylindrical shell buckling strength mainly depends on the geometric and stiffness properties. A detailed parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of these properties on the stiffened aluminium cylindrical shell buckling strength. The proposed framework involves an integration of finite element method and various machine learning techniques. The dataset obtained from the eigenvalue buckling analysis of 350 numerical simulations using ANSYS workbench 2022; however, the FE simulation of ten ring-stiffened cylindrical specimens was initially substantiated by experimental work conducted in the literature. 350 sample specimens were categorized into seven groups based on the no. of stiffeners varying from 3 to 17 while their optimum sizes were obtained from optimization study. Each group consists of 50 samples with ten distinct values of length to diameter ratio and five distinct values of wall thickness. Dataset were trained (80%) and tested (20%) with various simple to complex machine learning algorithms such as kNN regression, linear regression, polynomial regression, random forest, and artificial neural networks. The predicted buckling strength obtained from each ML technique was compared to the numerical buckling strength. R2 and Mean Square Error (MSE) were considered as cost functions to evaluate the performance of each ML algorithm. A comparison between the proposed algorithms revealed that the artificial neural networks (ANN) performed excellent for both train and test data achieved highest accuracy with R2 of 0.996 and 0.993 while the associated MSE values are 0.47 and 0.97 respectively. Random forest and polynomial regression gave better R2 values but have slightly higher MSE values compared to the ANN. kNN and linear regression models are the least performing models, gave lower R2 and higher MSE values compared to the other ML techniques for the present dataset. Keywords: Stiffened Cylinders, External Pressure, Buckling, Linear Analysis, ANSYS workbench, Optimization, Machine Learning, Artificial Neural network

Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding molar incisor hypomineralisation amongst Swiss dental students

BACKGROUND: Knowledge obtained at the undergraduate level regarding molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) has an impact on future practice of dentists and paediatric dentists. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess final-year dental students' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards MIH in all Swiss universities. METHODS: A previously utilised survey (in both English and German) was distributed among final-year dental students in all Swiss dental schools (Basel, Bern, Geneva and Zurich). It probed students' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding the diagnosis, prevalence, aetiology, and management of MIH, and was structured in two parts: knowledge/perception and clinical application. The students' responses were analysed statistically with descriptive statistics. RESULTS: 113 out of 133 final-year Swiss dental students took part in the study (85%). Nearly all students were familiar with MIH (99%), but only 12% of them felt confident when diagnosing MIH clinically. Direct composite fillings (66%), indirect restorations (28%) and preformed stainless-steel crowns (26%) were chosen as most suitable treatment options for MIH-affected teeth. CONCLUSION: Final-year Swiss dental students are well informed about MIH. However, they report low level of confidence when clinically confronted with MIH-affected teeth regarding its diagnosis and treatment. Swiss Universities curricula should be revisited accordingly