Pelaksanaan Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Awak Kapal pada PT Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Pelni) Semarang

Penelitian dari pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum bagi awak kapal pada PT.Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Pelni) Semarang ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum bagi awak kapal serta mengetahui dan menganalisis hambatan-hambatan apa saja yang muncul serta upaya apa yang dilakukan PT Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Pelni) Semarang dalam menanggulangi hambatan pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum terhadap pekerja atau anak buah kapal. Hasil penelitian ini adalah jika dilihat dari segi perjanjian kerja laut maka tidak mencerminkan kepastian hukum yang pasti. Segi hak waktu kerja, istirahat, dan cuti, PT.Pelni Semarang telah dapat melaksanakan ketentuan dalam Pasal 79 ayat (2) UU Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan. Segi kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja, PT.Pelni telah sesuai dengan ketentuan dari UU No.1 Tahun 1970 tentang keselamatan kapal dan telah sesuai dengan ketentuan Peraturan Pelaksanaan tentang Kecelakaan Pelaut. Hambatan dalam pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum ini kurangnya kesadaran hukum para pekerja di kapal atau anak buah kapal (ABK), dan Serikat pekerja (SP) dikuasai oleh Perusahaan dan sikap pemerintah pusat yang pasif dalam merespon permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan transportasi laut. Sehingga kesimpulan penulisan ini yaitu dari segi perjanjian kerja laut tidak mencerminkan kepastian hukum yang pasti, hak waktu kerja, istirahat dan cuti, serta segi kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja sudah sesuai dengan ketentuan pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum

Evolution of discourse markers in Czech: case study of vždyť

The main goal of this paper is to analyze one specific Czech discourse marker, vždyť, both from the synchronic and diachronic position. In the context of this analysis, some questions of linguistic methodology are discussed. Most of this analysis focused on its semantic properties, which were described using the NSM methodology (Natural Semantic Metalanguage). NSM allows its users to describe the meaning of grammatical words in natural language, thanks to which a researcher can formulate the expression's function without having to use a complicated and obscure terminology. The resulting definition of vždyť is compared to the description found in Czech dictionaries, whose authors, unlike my approach, describe the meaning of vždyť in terms of multiple senses, polysemy. Apart from semantics, a small part of the chapter is dedicated to the description of other properties of vždyť, e. g. phonetics. In the diachronic analysis, a hypothesis is formulated about the emergence of vždyť from the originally temporal marker vždy, explaining it on the basis of conversational implicatures. That is illustrated by some examples of vždy from the earliest available linguistic data from Czech. I then describe the meaning of vždyť in Old Czech, while speculation about its further development is hindered by the lack of adequate..

Cooperatively Enhanced Ion Pair Binding with a Hybrid Receptor

A simple 18-crown-6-based bis-urea receptor <b>R</b>^<b>1</b> was synthesized in three steps from a commercial starting material. The receptor’s behavior toward anions, cations, and ion pairs was studied in solution with ¹H NMR, in solid state with single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and in gas phase with mass spectrometry. In 4:1 CDCl₃/dimethyl sulfoxide solution the receptor’s binding preference of halide anions is I^– < Br^– < Cl^– following the trend of the hydrogen-bonding acceptor ability of the anions. The receptor shows a remarkable positive cooperativity toward halide anions Cl^–, Br^–, and I^– when complexed with Na⁺, K⁺, or Rb⁺. The solid-state binding modes of <b>R</b>^<b>1</b> with alkali and ammonium halides or oxyanions were confirmed by the X-ray structures of <b>R</b>^<b>1</b> with KF, KCl, KBr, KI, RbCl, NH₄Cl, NH₄Br, KAcO, K₂CO₃, and K₂SO₄. They clearly present two different binding modes, either as separated or contact ion pairs depending on the nature and size of the bound cation and anion. Complexation capability of <b>R</b>^<b>1</b> in the gas phase was studied with competition experiments with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry showing preference of KCl complexation over NaCl, KBr, or KI supporting the results obtained in solution

Concerted Halogen-Bonded Networks with <i>N</i>‑Alkyl Ammonium Resorcinarene Bromides: From Dimeric Dumbbell to Capsular Architectures

<i>N</i>-Alkyl ammonium resorcinarene bromides and 1,4-diiodooctafluorobutane via multiple intermolecular halogen bonds (XB) form different exotic supramolecular architectures through subtle changes of the upper rim substituents. Dimeric dumbbell-like assembly with encapsulated guest molecules is generated with <i>N</i>-benzyl substituents. The <i>N</i>-hexyl groups engender an XB-induced polymeric pseudocapsule and an XB-induced dimeric capsule with entrapped 1,4-dioxane guest molecules. The <i>N</i>-propyl and <i>N</i>-cyclohexyl groups generate deep cavity cavitands. The deep cavity cavitands possess cavities for self-inclusion leading to polymeric herringbone arrangement in one direction and that pack into 3D polymeric arrangement resembling egg crate-like supramolecular networks. These assemblies are studied in solution via NMR spectroscopy and in the solid state via X-ray crystallography

Hierarchical Ordering in Ternary Co-Crystals of C₆₀, <i>N</i>‑Benzyl Ammonium Resorcinarene Bromide and Solvent Molecules

Co-crystallization of C₆₀ together with an <i>N</i>-benzyl ammonium resorcinarene bromide from toluene:1,2-dichloroethane mixture results in ternary co-crystals where the modulated C₆₀ lattice entraps dimeric resorcinarene assemblies, which, in turn, have 149 and 280 ų cavities filled with 1,2-dichloroethane molecules

Binding Modes of Nonspherical Anions to <i>N</i>‑Alkylammonium Resorcinarenes in the Solid State

A series of hydrogen bond stabilized <i>N</i>-alkylammonium resorcinarene salts with nitrate, triflate, and picrate as the counteranions were synthesized and characterized with ¹H NMR and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Together with electrostatic interactions, the binding of the anions with several hydrogen bond donor sites proceeds through a complex array of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. These <i>N</i>-alkyl ammonium resorcinarenes bind the larger nonspherical anions into deformed cavitand-like structures and enforce a transformation of the resorcinarene conformation from almost symmetrical to extremely distorted

Binding Modes of Nonspherical Anions to <i>N</i>‑Alkylammonium Resorcinarenes in the Solid State

A series of hydrogen bond stabilized <i>N</i>-alkylammonium resorcinarene salts with nitrate, triflate, and picrate as the counteranions were synthesized and characterized with ¹H NMR and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Together with electrostatic interactions, the binding of the anions with several hydrogen bond donor sites proceeds through a complex array of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. These <i>N</i>-alkyl ammonium resorcinarenes bind the larger nonspherical anions into deformed cavitand-like structures and enforce a transformation of the resorcinarene conformation from almost symmetrical to extremely distorted

Binding Modes of Nonspherical Anions to <i>N</i>‑Alkylammonium Resorcinarenes in the Solid State

A series of hydrogen bond stabilized <i>N</i>-alkylammonium resorcinarene salts with nitrate, triflate, and picrate as the counteranions were synthesized and characterized with ¹H NMR and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Together with electrostatic interactions, the binding of the anions with several hydrogen bond donor sites proceeds through a complex array of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. These <i>N</i>-alkyl ammonium resorcinarenes bind the larger nonspherical anions into deformed cavitand-like structures and enforce a transformation of the resorcinarene conformation from almost symmetrical to extremely distorted

X‑ray Snapshot Observation of Palladium-Mediated Aromatic Bromination in a Porous Complex

Pd-mediated aromatic bromination is intriguing to synthetic and organometallic chemists due to both its synthetic utility and, more importantly, a proposed mechanism involving an uncommon Pd­(IV)/Pd­(II) catalytic cycle. Here, we report an X-ray snapshot observation of a Pd reaction center during a Pd-mediated aromatic bromination in a single crystal of a porous coordination network crystalline scaffold. Upon treatment of a single crystal with <i>N</i>-bromosuccinimide, sequential X-ray snapshots revealed that the aryl-Pd­(II)-L species embedded in the network pores was converted to the brominated aryl product through a transient aryl-Pd­(II)-Br species, which is normally unobservable because of its rapid dimerization into insoluble Pd₂(μ-Br)₂ species. Though the reaction pathway may be biased by the crystalline state, the new X-ray snapshot method relies on crystalline flasks to provide important mechanistic insight

First Chemosensor for Selective Detection and Quantification of L‑4-Hydroxyproline in Collagen and Other Bio Samples

Amino pyridine-based rhodamine conjugate (APR) has been developed as a first chemosensor for selective detection and quantification of L-4-Hydroxyproline (Hyp). The “turn-on” fluorescence property of the chemosensor makes it unique for easy estimation of Hyp in collagen and biological samples