Fishing for a Future: Women in Community Based Fisheries Management

This is the story of women in the Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) project in Bangladesh. In rural Asia (Southern)-Bangladesh; many women are involved in inland fisheries and fish farming activities, yet annual statistics fail to capture their importance. Year after year these women continue to be essential in improving nutrition, increasing the production and distribution of food and enhancing the living conditions of their families. Yet, fisher-women remain among the poorest and most vulnerable in this part of the world. This is the story of many women, who through CBFM, have improved and will continue to improve the livelihood of their family. They are the women fishers of Bangladesh. This is their story

The global multidimensional poverty index: harmonised level estimates and their changes over time

This paper describes the database The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Harmonised Level Estimates and their Changes over Time. The global MPI is an international poverty measure based on ten deprivation indicators in three dimensions: health, education, and living standards. The database contains estimates for the multidimensional poverty index itself (the adjusted headcount ratio), related partial indices such as the headcount ratio, the intensity, indicator-specific indices, and several auxiliary statistics as well as changes over time for most quantities. For this database all deprivation indicators have been harmonised over time. Our database covers estimates for 84 countries and 814 subnational regions for up to four points of observation. The estimates are based on 211 individual survey datasets, mostly the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). Combining information of different dimensions of human well-being, the global MPI inherently invites interdisciplinary research

The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index: Harmonised Level Estimates and their Changes over Time

This database provides estimates of the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) an international measure of acute poverty. More specifically, it contains harmonised level estimates and their changes over time of the global MPI and related sub-indices, which have been estimated for the 2023 release. For this database all deprivation indicators have been harmonised over time. The database covers estimates for 84 countries and 814 subnational regions for up to four points of observation. The estimates are based on 196 individual survey datasets, mostly the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). Data cleaning and estimation have been carried out in Stata. The database is organised in two files, one for level estimates and one for change estimates. Both files are each provided in Stata format (dta) and comma separated values (csv)

The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023 disaggregation results and methodological note

This Methodological Note presents the methodology and technical decisions that underlie the published disaggregation results (age groups, rural and urban areas, subnational regions and gender of household head) of the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023. The 2023 MPI disaggregation results are based on the most recent data from 110 countries, covering 6.1 billion people. We estimate the MPI and its associated statistics by four age categories (0 to 9 years, 10 to 17 years, 18 to 59 years, and over 60 years) as well as two broad age categories covering children aged 0 to 17 years and adults 18 years and older, by rural and urban areas, and gender of the household head. In addition, the MPI is also computed for 1,281 subnational regions to show disparities in poverty within countries. Subnational disaggregations are published when the survey used for the global MPI is representative at the subnational level and the retained sample permits. This document is structured as follows. Section 2 presents the global MPI structure and indicator definitions. Section 3 provides an outline of the global MPI and its partial indices that we estimate and publish. Section 4 outlines the disaggregation methodology. Section 5 outlines the principles and decisions that underlie our disaggregation work. Section 6 summarises the country-specific decisions that were applied for the new or updated datasets in this round. We conclude with brief closing summary

Sensitivity analyses in poverty measurement : the case of the global multidimensional poverty index

Altres ajuts: CERCA Programme/Generalitat de CatalunyaThis paper provides an extensive sensitivity analyses of the global multidimensional poverty index (MPI), which is a counting-based measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries. Empirically, the paper probes the sensitivity of poverty measures and comparisons to modifications in key parameters. Outcomes studied include the adjusted headcount and headcount ratios and their subnational rankings, as well as the exact set of people who are identified as poor. The parameters that are adjusted include the poverty cutoff, weights or deprivation values, and indicators. Multidimensional poverty measures are generated using 10 alternative poverty cutoffs, 231 alternative weighting schemes, and six alternative indicator selections, in addition to the global MPI baseline specifications. Comparisons across 1226 subnational regions for 98 countries are assessed using the percent of pairwise comparisons for an alternative parameter that are robust in comparisons with the global MPI baseline. Assessments of the fit between poverty sets in relation to the global MPI poverty set use the Jaccard coefficient. Overall, the outcomes show little sensitivity when parameters are changed within plausible ranges, but there are a number of general findings of potential interest that emerge. Finally, the present paper also suggests 'second-order' sensitivity analyses to deepen the understanding of the underlying methods by varying poverty cutoffs and indicators simultaneously. The union-based measures are less stable than the base-line measure

Revising the global Multidimensional Poverty Index : empirical insights and robustness

The authors are grateful for support of the research underlying this paper from ESRC-DFID ES/N01457X/1, DFID for project 300706 and Sida Project 11141. Suppa gratefully acknowledges funding of the European Research Council (ERC-2014-StG-637768, EQUALIZE project), the CERCA Programme (Generalitat de Catalunya), and of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Juan de la Cierva Research Grant Programs (IJCI-2017-33950).The global Multidimensional Poverty Index, published annually since 2010, captures acute multidimensional poverty in the developing regions of the world. In 2018, five of its ten indicators were revised with the purpose of aligning the index to the SDGs insofar as current data permit. This paper provides comprehensive analyses of the consequences of this revision from three perspectives. First, we offer new empirical insights available from the revised specification. Second, we analyse its robustness to changes in some key parameters, including the poverty cutoff and dimensional weights. Third, we compare the revised and the original specifications by implementing both on the same 105 national datasets. The country orderings in the revised specification are found to be robust to plausible parametric alternatives. Largely, these country orderings are at least as robust as the original one. Additional research on robustness standards is suggested

Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021: Unmasking disparities by ethnicity, caste and gender

This report provides a comprehensive picture of acute multidimensional poverty to inform the work of countries and communities building a more just future for the global poor. Part I focuses on where we are now. It examines the levels and composition of multidimensional poverty across 109 countries covering 5.9 billion people. It also discusses trends among more than 5 billion people in 80 countries, 70 of which showed a statistically significant reduction in Multidimensional Poverty Index value during at least one of the time periods presented. While the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on developed countries is already an active area of research, this report offers a multidimensional poverty perspective on the experience of developing countries. It explores how the pandemic has affected three key development indicators (social protection, livelihoods and school attendance), in association with multidimensional poverty, with a focus predominantly on Sub-Saharan Africa. Part II profiles disparities in multidimensional poverty with new research that scrutinizes estimates disaggregated by ethnicity or race and by caste to identify who and how people are being left behind. It also explores the proportion of multidimensionally poor people who live in a household in which no female member has completed at least six years of schooling and presents disparities in multidimensional poverty by gender of the household head. Finally, it probes interconnections between the incidence of multidimensional poverty and intimate partner violence against women and girls

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

Macro, household and individual level explanations for the geographic differences in poverty levels in Indonesia, 2000–2009

Measuring and explaining poverty and its geographic differences in Indonesia is mostly confined to a single measure of poverty and to macro-level explanations. This thesis moves beyond these constraints to investigate regional poverty trends using multiple measures of poverty and to explore household and individual level explanations. The analyses in the thesis are undertaken using data from the SUSENAS core, covering the period 2000–2009. Different measures of poverty produce different numbers of poor. Some 33 million additional Indonesians were identified as poor using the $1.25 a day poverty measure than the official measure used by the government. The differences between both measures of poverty are, however, driven by poverty trends in the early 2000s, following the devastating impact of the 1997–1998 financial crisis. In the latter part of the 2000s, poverty trends were converging between the two poverty measures, suggesting some degree of reliability of Indonesia’s official poverty measure. At the macro level, on average, increasing GDP is significantly associated with falling levels of poverty. The association is reduced marginally when the share of the informal workforce is taken into account, but in general the negative relationship remains robust. Regional analyses, however, reveal that GDP has a very small, insignificant negative association with poverty in the poorest region. At the individual level, education strongly determines poverty, independently of employment status. A substantial share of the primary and lower secondary qualified population is employed in informal work, yet their risk of poverty is substantially lower when compared to those with no formal qualification engaging as informal workers. More importantly, the highest risk of poverty exists among the unemployed who lack a formal education. This finding is highlighted because unemployment is often seen as having little relevance to poverty, since a higher proportion of the unemployed are tertiary educated. The 'penalty' on poverty for those occupying the lower tiers of educational qualification is heavier in less developed regions. Household level analysis show that the different groups of female-headed households (de facto, widows and divorcees) are less likely to be in poverty than male-headed couple households. After controlling for socioeconomic characteristics and the number of young children within households, however, female-headed divorcee households are found to be marginally poorer than male-headed couple households. Regional level analyses reveal that poverty is significantly higher in female divorcee-led households than in male-headed couple households in all regions, except in the most and least developed ones, where poverty is comparable between both groups.</p

A methodological note on the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2022 changes over time results for 84 countries

This Methodological Note presents the methodology and policies that underlie the changes over time in multidimensional poverty for 84 countries. 35 of the 84 countries have trends for three points in time; while poverty trends in 48 countries are based on two points in time. Gambia is the only country where we have presented results for four points in time. We also estimate how multidimensional poverty changed by four major age categories (0 to 9 years, 10 to 17 years, 18 to 59 years, and over 60 years) and by two age categories covering children aged 0 to 17 years and adults 18 years and older in all countries. Our results also show poverty trends by rural-urban area and by 810 subnational regions. We standardised and harmonised 205 survey datasets to estimate the changes in multidimensional poverty. Indicator standardisation is detailed in Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2022b). This document, focused on harmonisation methodology and principles, is structured as follows. Section 2 presents the global MPI structure and indicator definitions. Section 3 provides an outline of the global MPI and its partial indices that we estimate and publish. Section 4 summarises the changes over time methodology. Section 5 provides a summary of the harmonised surveys. Section 6 outlines the principles and decisions that underlie our harmonisation work. Section 7 summarises the country-specific decisions that were applied for the datasets harmonised in this round. We conclude with brief reflections