12 research outputs found

    Healthcare professionals knowledge of autism spectrum disorders

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    Introduction: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a diverse group of neurodevelopmental disorders, which belongs to the most frequent child developmental problems. It characterized by different levels of functioning of persons who has this disorder, showing impaired social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior. What is more, there is likelihood of occurring other disorders. Particularity of ASD, the difficulties in diagnosing cause that the person has frequent contact with medical personnel. The patient with ASD is special patient, presenting atypical behaviors and reactions, due to the different reception of the surrounding reality. He requires from health care practitioners to adopt an individual approach and special treatment based on knowledge about the specificities of autism spectrum disorders and professional competence. The aim of a study: Determining the level of knowledge of health care professionals on autism spectrum disorders. The factors which influence on the level of their knowledge were the subject of thorough statistical analysis. In addition, the views of medical personnel on the individual treatment of autistic persons in their work and the impact of the level of knowledge declared on the treatment of ASD patients were analyzed. Material and methods: 122 health workers took part in the study in the Regional Specialist Hospital in Grudziadz: doctors, nurses / midwifes and registrants / medical secretaries. Results: The research shows that the level of knowledge of health care workers on ASD disorders is low. The best performers were doctors, then nurses/midwives and finally medical recorders/ secretaries. Despite low levels of knowledge, medical professionals do not participate in specialist courses and fewer than half of the subjects are knowledgeable about ASD. At the same time they are convinced of the need for special treatment of autistic patients, but not taking them out of que. Conclusions: Improving the knowledge of health professionals on autism spectrum disorders by increasing knowledge, attending conferences and the courses and experience of caregivers and professionals dealing with ASD patients will have a beneficial effect on the health and well-being of patients while providing health services, which will significantly improve the quality of services provided

    Autism spectrum disorder in children - case study analysis

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    Autism belongs to the group of global neurological developmental disorders. A disturbance in the emotional and social sphere constitutes its specific symptom, together with lack of understanding of other people’s behavior, as well as communicating with them. Most autistic children isolate themselves from the outside world because of too many stimuli, which cause anxiety, fear or self-aggression. The essence is individual therapy, which generalizes and maintains the acquired knowledge and skills, makes the most of the autistic person’s potential, as well as shapes and stimulates psychomotor functions, which are usually reduced by this disorder. The aim of the work was to present the therapeutic path of a boy at different stages of his physical, motor, emotional, social and intellectual development. The functioning of the child before the therapy and the progress made after 4 years were compared. Thorough analysis shows that early therapy has a positive influence on the emotional and social development of an autistic child. To improve the functioning of an autistic child, it is necessary to introduce individual therapies, use a special organization of learning, adapt educational needs and forms of stimulation through fun. The reactions of autistic children are usually atypical in terms of behavior, however, they should not be negatively perceived from the perspective of their otherness. Everyone deserves respect and understanding, and thus society should be open to promoting knowledge about autism

    Effects of health behaviours on the quality of life of patients following intervention cardiology procedures

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    Introduction: Diseases of the cardiovascular system are the main health problem of the population not only Polish, but also highly developed countries. Invasive treatment largely contributes to the reduction of mortality, cardiac complications and improves the quality of life of patients. Paying attention to the quality of life of people after cardiac episodes, can help to modify and achieve better therapeutic effects. The aim of a study: Assessment of the impact of health behaviours on the quality of life of patients following intervention cardiology procedures. Material and methods: The study was carried out on a group of 100 people, treated in the Department of Cardiology, the Department of Intensive Cardiac Supervision, the Hemodynamic Work of the Multidisciplinary Hospital of Ludwik Blazek in Inowroclaw. A questionnaire consisting of 22 single-choice questions was used to assess the quality of life of patients. Conclusions: 1. Close to 60% of respondents positively determines their quality of life. 2. The relationship between the effects of pro-health behaviours and quality of life has not been demonstrated. 3. The level of patient awareness of positive health behaviours is small, only a minority progresses according to their principles. 4. Unconsciousness of the health status of patients of the branch causes no reference to staff recommendations. 5. Alarming is prefering anti-health behaviour

    Dietary catering and its effectiveness combined with physical exercise

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    Introduction: Proper nutrition benefits affect the health of the body. Throughout the world, you can observe the prevailing trend for physical exercise, healthy eating and active lifestyle. There are a lot of publications and books about dietetics, physical activity and selected diets. The aim of a study: The aim of the presented work was concerning the effects of catering diet combined with physical exertion, by customers catering for " Perfect Housewife " based in Ostrów Wielkopolski, Poland. Material and methods: A hundred people using dietary catering were asked about the re¬sults of the service. The relation between dietary catering and physical activity, sex, place of resi-dence and having food intolerance were evaluated. Conclusions: 1. Results of dietary catering are better when it is combined with physical ac-tivities. 2. Men have better mood more often and residents of towns from 20 to 100 thousands inhabitants have better medical examinations results as a consequence of using dietary cater-ing. 3. Food intolerance have no influence on the efficacy of using dietary catering

    Składniki odżywcze i ich rola w diecie sportowca = Nutrients and their role in athlete’s diet

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    Kalisz Zdzisława, Juraszek Karolina, Glama Ewa, Weber-Rajek Magdalena, Hoffmann Magdalena, Kalisz Justyna, Zukow Walery. Składniki odżywcze i ich rola w diecie sportowca = Nutrients and their role in athlete’s diet. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):522-538. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.60945http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3789   The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 01.08.2016. Revised 08.08.2016. Accepted: 26.08.2016.  Składniki odżywcze i ich rola w diecie sportowca  Nutrients and their role in athlete’s diet Zdzisława Kalisz2, Karolina Juraszek2, 4, Ewa Glama2, Magdalena Weber-Rajek1, Magdalena Hoffmann3, Justyna Kalisz5, Walery Zukow6 1. Katedra Fizjoterapii, Zakład Podstaw Fizjoterapii, Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu2. Bydgoska Szkoła Wyższa w Bydgoszczy3. Uniwersyteckie Centrum Kliniczne w Gdańsku, Klinika Nadciśnienia Tętniczego i Diabetologii4. Centrum Onkologii im. prof. F. Łukaszczyka w Bydgoszczy, Zakład Rehabilitacji5. Szpital Uniwersytecki nr 2 im. J. Biziela w Bydgoszczy, Klinika Hematologii6. Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy   Słowa kluczowe: składniki odżywcze, dieta, sportowcy.Key words: nutrients, diet, athletes.  Streszczenie Składniki pokarmowe pełnią ważną rolę w prawidłowym funkcjonowaniu organizmu ludzkiego. Prowadzony tryb życia ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem aktywności ruchowej, ściśle wiąże się z doborem odpowiednio zbilansowanej diety. Celem badań była ocena odżywiania się sportowców danej dyscypliny sportowej. Badaniem objęto 30 piłkarzy nożnych z klubu sportowego Olimpia Grudziądz, którzy wyrazili chęć wypełnienia ankiety w okresie od marca do maja 2016 roku. Ogólna ocena żywienia piłkarzy uprawiających piłkę nożną jest zadowalająca. Badania wykazały, że piłkarze spożywają posiłek mniej niż 1 godzinę po treningu, czyli odpowiedni czas niezbędny w szybkiej regeneracji glikogenu mięśniowego. Ocena spożywania warzyw i owoców jest nie w pełni prawidłowa, ponieważ są one spożywane w różnej częstotliwości i nie są spożywane codziennie. Racjonalny sposób żywienia sportowców wymaga systematycznego dostarczania organizmowi wszystkich niezbędnych składników odżywczych w ilościach i proporcjach odpowiadających jego potrzebom, a całodzienna racja pokarmowa powinna uwzględniać pięć posiłków w ciągu dnia. Abstract             Dietary nutrients play a significant role in the normal function of the body. Life style focused on physical activity necessitates appropriately balanced diet. The goal of this study was to assess the dietary habits of a selected group of athletes. Participants of the study were 30 male football players from the Olimpia Grudziadz athletic club, who, between March and May of 2016, agreed to fill out a questionnaire pertaining to their diets. Based on the compiled data from the questionnaire, the overall diet can be considered well-balanced with minor deficiencies. Participating athletes consume a meal rich in key nutrients within an hour of their training, the optimal time necessary to replenish muscle glycogen. This study revealed, however, that the number of servings of fruit and vegetables is below the recommended daily norm, and the fruit and vegetables are not consumed daily. To maximize performance and ensure rapid recovery necessitates carefully balanced and appropriately timed diet. It is recommended that the daily dietary regimen consists of five evenly spaced meals rich in nutrients that prepare the athlete for the strenuous physical activity and replenish depleted energy stores during recovery period

    Holistic approach to the treatment of cervical spine pain syndromes

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    AbstractSpinal pain, including the cervical spine, is currently one of  the most common causes of patient visits to physiotherapy clinics. The pursuit for material goods of modern society, stress, lack of time for physical activities and effective rest or staying most of the day in forced sitting position (at work, at home, in the car) are causes for such trends.Extremely important at the very beginning of the planning of the therapy process is the analysis of the underlying dysfunction that may have different origins. The very visual assessment of the patient's posture pattern during the first visit to the clinic provides valuable information, such as emotional state or positioning of individual body parts, which is important for the progress of therapy and the sustainability of improvement.The article presents a new perspective on the pain of the cervical spine as a disorder of the fascia, requiring tissue and emotional integration. Based on Kinesis Myofascial Integration (KMI), the anatomy trains (musculoskeletal chains), attention focuses on the essential components of cervical dysfunction therapy that may appear to be completely unrelated to the dysfunction seen only through the traditional treatment (symptomatic)

    Zachowania zdrowotne studentów Dietetyki = Health behaviors of students of Dietetics

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    Weber-Rajek Magdalena, Radzimińska Agnieszka, Kalisz Zdzisława, Hoffmann Magdalena, Juraszek Karolina, Goch Aleksander, Zukow Walery. Zachowania zdrowotne studentów Dietetyki = Health behaviors of students of Dietetics. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(6):469-477. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.56236http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3619 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 05.05.2016. Revised 25.05.2016. Accepted: 16.06.2016. Zachowania zdrowotne studentów Dietetyki Health behaviors of students of Dietetics Magdalena Weber-Rajek1, Agnieszka Radzimińska1, Zdzisława Kalisz2, Magdalena Hoffmann3, Karolina Juraszek4, Aleksander Goch5, Walery Zukow6 1.     Katedra Fizjoterapii, Zakład Podstaw Fizjoterapii, Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu2.     Bydgoska Szkoła Wyższa w Bydgoszczy3.     Uniwersyteckie Centrum Kliniczne w Gdańsku, Klinika Nadciśnienia Tętniczego i Diabetologii4.     Centrum Onkologii im. prof. F. Łukaszczyka w Bydgoszczy, Zakład Rehabilitacji5.     Katedra Fizjoterapii, Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu6.        Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Słowa kluczowe: zachowania zdrowotne, studenci.Key words: health behaviors, students.  StreszczenieBardzo ważną rolę w procesie ochrony zdrowia jest styl życia człowieka – jego nawyki oraz wzorce postępowania. Celem badań była ocena zachowań zdrowotnych studentów kierunku Dietetyka. Grupę badawczą (Grupa I) stanowiło 80 studentów kierunku Dietetyka. Grupę porównawczą (Grupa II) stanowiło 70 studentów kierunków „niemedycznych” (kierunki inżynierskie). W grupie studentów Dietetyki uzyskano wysoki poziom zachowań zdrowotnych. Najwyższy poziom zachowań zdrowotnych uzyskano w kategorii „prawidłowe nawyki żywieniowe”. Studenci kierunku Dietetyka uzyskali wyższe wyniki zachowań zdrowotnych od studentów kierunków inżynierskich. Wprowadzanie programów promocji zdrowia i edukacji zdrowotnej powinno objąć wszystkie kierunki studiów, tym bardziej, że wczesna dorosłość jest najlepszym okresem dla osiągnięcia długotrwałych korzyści z wyboru zdrowego trybu życia.   SummaryVery important role in the protection of health is a lifestyle - habits and patterns of conduct. The aim of the study was to assess health behaviors of Dietetics students. The research group (Group I) conducted of 80 students of Dietetics. The control group (Group II) conducted of 70 students of non-medical (in engineering). In the group of Dietetic student achieved a high level of health behaviors. The highest level of health behaviors was achieved in the category of "nutrition habits." Students of Dietetics scored higher health behavior of engineering students. Entering programs of health promotion and health education should be extended to all fields of study, especially that early adulthood is the best time to achieve long-term benefits of a healthy lifestyle choice

    Analysis of the impact on women's purchasing decisions

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    Poniższa praca porusza tematykę szeroko rozumianych zachowań konsumenckich oraz techniki działania reklam, wpływające na decyzje podejmowane w procesie decyzyjnym. Prezentuje podstawowe zagadnienia dotyczące reklamy, jej funkcji oraz celu, które oddziaływać mogą na sklasyfikowane, pod względem zachowania i innych czynników determinujących, grup nabywców. W dalszej części pracy, tematyka skupia się na wpływie przekazu reklamowego w mediach telewizyjnych, a także na charakterystyce określonych technik i modeli oddziaływania reklamy. Przeprowadzone badania w formie kwestionariusza ankietowego, pozwoliły na analizę i wstępne wnioski dotyczące odczuć respondentek w stosunku do reklam marek kosmetycznych oraz ich wpływu na decyzje zakupowe kobiet.The following thesis deals with widely understood consumer behavior and advertising techniques that influence decisions made in the decision-making process. It presents basic issues related to advertising, its function and purpose, which may affect classified, in terms of behavior and other determining factors, groups of customers. In the further part of the work, the subject matter focuses on the impact of the advertising message in TV media, as well as the characteristics of specific techniques and models of advertising impact. The research conducted in the form of a questionnaire allowed for the analysis and preliminary conclusions concerning the respondents' feelings towards cosmetic brand advertisements and their influence on women's purchasing decisions

    Wpływ pracy zawodowej na występowanie zespołów bólowych kręgosłupa na przykładzie pielęgniarek województwa kujawsko – pomorskiego = The impact of work on the occurrence of back pains on the example of nurses in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voievodeship

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    Juraszek Karolina, Hagner-Derengowska Magdalena, Hoffmann Magdalena, Kalisz Zdzisława, Zukow Walery. Wpływ pracy zawodowej na występowanie zespołów bólowych kręgosłupa na przykładzie pielęgniarek województwa kujawsko – pomorskiego = The impact of work on the occurrence of back pains on the example of nurses in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voievodeship. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):504-521. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.60944 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3788       The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.08.2016. Revised 08.08.2016. Accepted: 25.08.2016.     Wpływ pracy zawodowej na występowanie zespołów bólowych kręgosłupa na przykładzie pielęgniarek województwa kujawsko – pomorskiego The impact of work on the occurrence of back pains on the example of nurses in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voievodeship   Karolina Juraszek2, 4, Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska1, 2, Magdalena Hoffmann3, Zdzisława Kalisz2, Walery Zukow5   1. Katedra Neuropsychologii Klinicznej Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 2. Bydgoska Szkoła Wyższa w Bydgoszczy 3. Uniwersyteckie Centrum Kliniczne w Gdańsku, Klinika Nadciśnienia Tętniczego i Diabetologii 4. Centrum Onkologii im. prof. F. Łukaszczyka w Bydgoszczy, Zakład Rehabilitacji 5. Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy     Słowa kluczowe: praca, zespoły bólowe kręgosłupa, pielęgniarki Key words: work, back pain, nurses Streszczenie Zdrowie człowieka w dużym stopniu determinują czynniki środowiskowe, wśród których ogromny wpływ na prawidłowe funkcjonowanie wywiera charakter wykonywanej pracy i obciążenia jakie za sobą niesie. Obecnie jedną z głównych schorzeń pracowników podmiotów leczniczych są przeciążenia układu mięśniowo-szkieletowego, wśród których zespoły bólowe kręgosłupa stanowią drugą pod względem częstości przyczynę absencji w pracy. Grupę badawczą stanowiło 205 zawodowo czynnych pielęgniarek z różnych grup wiekowych. W grupie badanych pielęgniarek badania wykazały niepokojąco mały odstetek osób posiadająych wiedzę na temat norm dźwiagania cieżarów u kobiet. Również nie wszystkie pielęgniarki znają i przyjmują prawidłową pozycję podczas dźwiagania pacjentów. Mimo to są zdania, że posiadają potrzebną wiedzę odnośnie ergonomii i profilaktyki w pracy. Analiza występowania zespołów bólowych kręgosłupa w grupie pielęgniarek potwierdziła niekorzystny wpływ pracy na organizm, jak również nakreślila podłoże problemu związane nie tylko ze specyfiką wykonywanych czynności w pracy, ale również z niedostatecznym przeszkoleniem odnośnie bezpieczeństwa i profilaktyki przeciążenia narządu ruchu na stanowisku pracy.   Abstract   Human health is largely determined by the environmental factors, among which the nature of the work and load that it carries has a huge impact on the proper functioning of the body. Currently one of the major diseases of health service employees is overload of the musculoskeletal system, including back pain as a second most common cause of absenteeism. The study group consisted of 205 professionally active nurses from different age groups. In the surveyed group of nurses studies showed an alarmingly small percentage of people aware of lifting standards for women. Also, not all nurses know and assume the correct position when lifting patients. The occurrence of back pains in the group of nurses confirmed the negative impact of work on the body. It outlined the base of the problem related not only to the specific nature of activities performed at work, but also to insufficient training for health and safety of musculoskeletal overload in the workplace

    Competent users and standards of use for Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2)

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    Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) are well-validated semi-structured instruments, widely used in clinical practice and research for decades. They both follow highly standardised procedures to provide a thorough assessment of individuals suspected of having autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Both instruments have been found to be useful in differentiating between children, adolescents and adults with ASD and those with non-ASD diagnoses, especially when both are used in combination. As with many measures of ASD symptoms, scores on ADI-R and ADOS-2 have been shown to be susceptible to effects of developmental variables, including age and IQ as well as behavioural difficulties of a subject. Experienced clinicians are aware that the scores can be affected by comorbidity or sex of an individual, which is the case in females with autism who have not been diagnosed early in life or those who do not have intellectual disability and/or profound communication difficulties. The article presents ADI-R and ADOS-2 in a succinct way along with basic recommendations for their use, which are the same regardless of location and country. The purpose of this article is to present guidelines and standards of use for ADI-R and ADOS-2 which are distinguished from the standards of purchase. Administration and coding of ADI-R and ADOS-2 are highly standardised, and based on these guidelines, only professionals who completed ADI-R and ADOS-2 test-specific trainings can be considered competent users to provide valid assessments.Wywiad do diagnozowania autyzmu ADI-R (Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised, ADI-R) oraz protokół obserwacji do diagnozowania zaburzeń ze spektrum autyzmu ADOS-2 (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition) to rzetelnie zwalidowane i wystandaryzowane narzędzia, od dziesięcioleci szeroko stosowane w praktyce klinicznej i badawczej na świecie. Procedury wykonania badania przy użyciu obu narzędzi podlegają ściśle określonym normom, co umożliwia wszechstronną ocenę osób z podejrzeniem zaburzeń ze spektrum autyzmu (autism spectrum disorder, ASD). Wykazano przydatność obu narzędzi w różnicowaniu dzieci, adolescentów i dorosłych z ASD oraz tych z rozpoznaniami innymi niż ASD – zwłaszcza w przypadku łącznego zastosowania obu procedur. Tak jak w przypadku wielu innych narzędzi do oceny objawów ASD, wyniki uzyskane w testach ADI-R i ADOS-2 wykazują podatność na wpływ zmiennych rozwojowych, takich jak wiek czy iloraz inteligencji oraz trudności behawioralne osoby badanej. Doświadczeni klinicyści są świadomi tego, że na uzyskane wyniki mają także wpływ współchorobowość oraz płeć osoby badanej, co ilustrują przykłady kobiet z autyzmem niezdiagnozowanym w wieku rozwojowym bądź osób bez niepełnosprawności intelektualnej czy znacznych trudności komunikacyjnych. Niniejszy artykuł w zwięzły sposób przybliża narzędzia ADI-R i ADOS-2, a także podstawowe rekomendacje dotyczące ich zastosowania, które są niezmienne niezależnie od kraju czy warunków wykonania badania. Celem pracy jest omówienie wytycznych i standardów użytkowania ADI-R i ADOS-2, które nie są tożsame ze standardami dotyczącymi zakupu obu narzędzi. Procedury wykonywania i kodowania ADI-R i ADOS-2 są wysoko wystandaryzowane. Zgodnie z obowiązującymi wytycznymi wyłącznie specjaliści, którzy ukończyli szkolenia w zakresie stosowania ADI-R i ADOS-2, mogą być ich kompetentnymi użytkownikami, a wyniki wykonanych przez nich badań są uznawane za rzetelne i wiarygodn
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