87 research outputs found
Xela stories of transformation:A commons perspectives on (peri-)urban resource use, territoriality, and cultural representation
The contours of a new urban world? Megacity population growth and density since 1975
The problems posed by rapid and large-scale urbanisation are manifold, and are recognised in the UNâs New Urban Agenda; a declaration of intent that aims to meet such challenges head-on facilitated by the systematic tracking and analysis of global urban growth and change. In this context, the release in 2016 of new small area Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) data was said to represent a unique opportunity to facilitate comparative
global analyses of urban change dynamics and, perhaps somewhat idealistically, move forward progressive planning agendas. We therefore focus on population growth and
density in 30 major urban agglomerations using the GHSL in order to shed light on the scale and extent of global urbanisation over the past four decades and to interrogate the
potential role of the GHSL in tracking urban change
Cycles of Police Reform in Latin America.
yesOver the last quarter century post-conflict and post-authoritarian transitions in Latin America have been accompanied by a surge in social violence, acquisitive crime, and insecurity. These phenomena have been driven by an expanding international narcotics trade, by the long-term effects of civil war and counter-insurgency (resulting in, inter alia, an increased availability of small arms and a pervasive grammar of violence), and by structural stresses on society (unemployment, hyper-inflation, widening income inequality). Local police forces proved to be generally ineffective in preventing, resolving, or detecting such crime and forms of ânew violenceâ3 due to corruption, frequent complicity in criminal networks, poor training and low pay, and the routine use of excessive force without due sanction. Why, then, have governments been slow to prioritize police reform and why have reform efforts borne largely âlimited or nonexistentâ long-term results?
This chapter highlights a number of lessons suggested by various efforts to reform the police in Latin America over the period 1995-2010 . It focuses on two clusters of countries in Latin America. One is Brazil and the Southern Cone countries (Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay), which made the transition to democracy from prolonged military authoritarian rule in the mid- to late 1980s. The other is Central America and the Andean region (principally El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru, and Colombia), which emerged/have been emerging from armed conflict since the mid- 1990s.
The chapter examines first the long history of international involvement in police and security sector reform in order to identify long-run tropes and path dependencies. It then focuses on a number of recurring themes: cycles of de- and re-militarization of the policing function; the âsecurity gapâ and âdemocratization dilemmasâ involved in structural reforms; the opportunities offered by decentralization for more community-oriented police; and police capacity to resist reform and undermine accountability mechanisms
Adnexal masses: benign ovarian lesions and characterization - benign ovarian masses
Incidental adnexal masses are commonly identified
in radiologistsâ daily practice. Most of
them are benign ovarian lesions of no concern.
However, sometimes defining the origin of a
pelvic mass may be challenging, especially on
ultrasound alone. Moreover, ultrasound not
always allows the distinction between a benign
and a malignant adnexal tumor.
Most of sonographically indeterminate
adnexal masses turn out to be common benign
entities that can be readily diagnosed by magnetic
resonance imaging. The clinical impact
of predicting the likelihood of malignancy is
crucial for proper patient management.
The first part of this chapter will cover the
technical magnetic resonance imaging aspects
of ovarian lesions characterization as well as the
imaging features that allow the radiologist to
correctly define the anatomic origin of a pelvic
mass. Next, the authors will go through different
benign ovarian entities and through the different
histologic types of benign ovarian tumors.
Finally the functional ovarian tumors and the
ovarian tumors in children, adolescents, young
females, and pregnant women will be covered.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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