Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein Can Prevent Development of Mouse Experimental Glioblastoma

Extensive angiogenesis, formation of new capillaries from pre-existing blood vessels, is an important feature of malignant glioma. Several antiangiogenic drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or its receptors are currently in clinical trials as therapy for high-grade glioma and bevacizumab was recently approved by the FDA for treatment of recurrent glioblastoma. However, the modest efficacy of these drugs and emerging problems with anti-VEGF treatment resistance welcome the development of alternative antiangiogenic therapies. One potential candidate is histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), a plasma protein with antiangiogenic properties that can inhibit endothelial cell adhesion and migration. We have used the RCAS/TV-A mouse model for gliomas to investigate the effect of HRG on brain tumor development. Tumors were induced with platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), in the presence or absence of HRG. We found that HRG had little effect on tumor incidence but could significantly inhibit the development of malignant glioma and completely prevent the occurrence of grade IV tumors (glioblastoma)

Effekten av navigerbarhet på e-handel för studenter

The consumer trend towards sustainable purchasing habits online has increased due to the environmental impact of the clothing industry. While second-hand shopping is a popular option, it is often avoided due to the perceived inconvenience. The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for creating a navigable website for students in the context of second hand shopping. The research was conducted through a combination of surveys, user testing, and data analysis. Perceived navigability was measured using CTA protocol, CSUQ, and a Lostness calculation. Using standardised theoretical design protocols, a high rate of navigability was perceived for the first iteration of the website. By applying the feedback from the user test, adequate changes such as improved error messages and improved structural navigation could be made which improved the navigability further. This study underscores the importance of accessibility and customisation tailored to the intended customers' requisites. The main conclusion made in this study was that even though standard design protocols are followed, minor details such as buttons that are difficult to click or vague error messages, can significantly hinder navigation.Konsumenttrenden mot hållbara inköpsvanor online har ökat på grund av klädindustrins miljöpåverkan. Trots att andrahandsmarknaden på nätet är ett populärt alternativ för vissa konsumenter, undviks den ofta på grund av en alltför besvärlig upplevelse. Syftet med denna studie var att ge en grund för att skapa en navigerbar webbplats för studenter i sammanhanget av second hand-shopping. Forskningen utfördes genom en kombination av enkäter, användartester och dataanalys. Uppfattad navigerbarhet mättes med hjälp av CTA-protokoll, CSUQ och en "Lostness" -beräkning. Med hjälp av standardiserade designteorier kunde en hög navigerbarhet upplevas i den första iterationen av webbplatsen. Genom att tillämpa feedback från användartesten kunde lämpliga ändringar så som förbättrade felmeddelanden och förbättrad navigeringsstrukturgenomföras som ytterligare förbättrade navigerbarheten. Resultaten i denna studie understryker vikten av tillgänglighet och anpassning vilken är skräddarsydd efter avsedda kundernas krav. Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen dragen i studien var att även om standardiserade designprotokoll följs kan mindre detaljer som svårtryckta knappar och vaga felmeddelanden markant hindra navigeringen

Effekten av navigerbarhet på e-handel för studenter

The consumer trend towards sustainable purchasing habits online has increased due to the environmental impact of the clothing industry. While second-hand shopping is a popular option, it is often avoided due to the perceived inconvenience. The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for creating a navigable website for students in the context of second hand shopping. The research was conducted through a combination of surveys, user testing, and data analysis. Perceived navigability was measured using CTA protocol, CSUQ, and a Lostness calculation. Using standardised theoretical design protocols, a high rate of navigability was perceived for the first iteration of the website. By applying the feedback from the user test, adequate changes such as improved error messages and improved structural navigation could be made which improved the navigability further. This study underscores the importance of accessibility and customisation tailored to the intended customers' requisites. The main conclusion made in this study was that even though standard design protocols are followed, minor details such as buttons that are difficult to click or vague error messages, can significantly hinder navigation.Konsumenttrenden mot hållbara inköpsvanor online har ökat på grund av klädindustrins miljöpåverkan. Trots att andrahandsmarknaden på nätet är ett populärt alternativ för vissa konsumenter, undviks den ofta på grund av en alltför besvärlig upplevelse. Syftet med denna studie var att ge en grund för att skapa en navigerbar webbplats för studenter i sammanhanget av second hand-shopping. Forskningen utfördes genom en kombination av enkäter, användartester och dataanalys. Uppfattad navigerbarhet mättes med hjälp av CTA-protokoll, CSUQ och en "Lostness" -beräkning. Med hjälp av standardiserade designteorier kunde en hög navigerbarhet upplevas i den första iterationen av webbplatsen. Genom att tillämpa feedback från användartesten kunde lämpliga ändringar så som förbättrade felmeddelanden och förbättrad navigeringsstrukturgenomföras som ytterligare förbättrade navigerbarheten. Resultaten i denna studie understryker vikten av tillgänglighet och anpassning vilken är skräddarsydd efter avsedda kundernas krav. Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen dragen i studien var att även om standardiserade designprotokoll följs kan mindre detaljer som svårtryckta knappar och vaga felmeddelanden markant hindra navigeringen

Distribution of tumor malignancy grades.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Distribution of tumor grades (II–IV) in PDGF-B+X (P+X) and PDGF-B+HRG (P+H) injected <i>Ntv-a Arf-/-</i> mice. * p<0,05 (<b>B</b>) Distribution of low grade (II) versus malignant (III+IV) glioma. *p<0,05.</p

HRG had no effect on primary glial cell proliferation.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Primary glial cells were infected with RCAS-eGFP, RCAS-HRG or RCAS-PDGFB-HA and expression of the viral transduced proteins was analyzed with immunocytochemistry. The infection efficiency was similar in all conditions. (<b>B</b>) Proliferation assay on infected cells showed no effect of HRG compared to control cells on glial cell proliferation at day 7. Curves show the mean (±SEM) from three independent experiments for HRG and eGFP, and two independent experiments for PDGF-B.</p

RCAS-HRG infected DF-1 cells could produce functional HRG.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Viral produced HRG protein could be detected by western blot in conditioned media from DF-1 cells infected with RCAS-HRG but not from RCAS-PDGFB or RCAS-eGFP infected cells. Purified HRG was used as a positive control (+). (<b>B</b>) Viral produced HRG could significantly inhibit migration of HUVEC cells towards VEGF. t-test, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.</p

Presence and expression of viral transduced PDGF-B and HRG in tumors.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Insertion of the viral transduced human PDGF-B and HRG cDNA in genomic DNA prepared from PDGF-B+X (P+X) and PDGF-B+HRG (P+H) induced tumors. The tumor grade is given above each sample. Genomic DNA from U-706MG-a cells was used as positive control (+), and genomic DNA from an untreated mouse was used as negative control (−). (<b>B</b>) Expression of human PDGF-B and HRG mRNA in P+X and P+H tumors. RNA extracted from U-343MG and DF-1 RCAS-HRG cells were used as positive control for PDGF-B and HRG, respectively (+), and RNA from an untreated mouse brain was used as negative control (−).</p

Tumor incidence in <i>Ntv-a Arf</i>-/- mice injected with PDGF-B+X (P+X) or PDGF-B+HRG (P+H) RCAS viruses.

<p>Tumor incidence in <i>Ntv-a Arf</i>-/- mice injected with PDGF-B+X (P+X) or PDGF-B+HRG (P+H) RCAS viruses.</p