The Impact of Community Service in the Classroom Setting: A Research Study

Community service has been linked to different psychological benefits. The field of positive psychology is growing and the purpose of the present study was to expand this research by examining other psychological benefits to those who participate in community service. We examined this relationship when community service is a requirement for the class. We compared Community Service Learning (CSL) participants with non-CSL participants of the same course. Participants completed questionnaires that assessed flourishing, self-esteem, serenity, gratitude, and their views about community service at the beginning (before completing community service) and at the end the semester. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no major difference between CSL and non-CSL participants at the end of the semester. Although effects were not significant, means were in the predicted direction for some comparisons (flourishing and views on community service). Psychological benefits did not increase for CSL participants possibly because the community service was limited in time. Findings are discussed in relation to self-determination theory

Geographies of hope: Exploring departures in applied theatre work with people living with advanced dementia

The Applied Theatre Reader is the first book to bring together new case studies of practice by leading practitioners and academics in the field and beyond, with classic source texts from writers such as Noam Chomsky, bell hooks, Mikhail Bakhtin, Augusto Boal and Chantal Mouffe. This new edition brings the field fully up to date with the breadth of applied theatre practice in the twenty-first century, adding essays on playback theatre, digital technology, work with indigenous practitioners, inter-generational practice, school projects and contributors from South America, Australia and New Zealand. The Reader divides the field into key themes, inviting critical interrogation of issues in applied theatre whilst also acknowledging the multi-disciplinary nature of its subject, crossing fields like theatre in educational settings, prison theatre, community performance, theatre in conflict resolution, interventionist theatre and theatre for development. A new lexicon of Applied Theatre and further reading for every part will equip readers with the ideal tools for studying this broad and varied field. This collection of critical thought and practice is essential to those studying or participating in the performing arts as a means for positive change

Driving Predictability for Individuals with Neurological Disorders: Occupational Therapy Services

Driving is an essential occupation of most individuals; from work to school to medical needs and everyday activities, people need to drive, safety and predictably. This evidence-based project utilized published, scholarly and peer-reviewed studies, both quantitative and qualitative, to attempt to answer the question, ‘Do Occupational Therapy services for people with dementia or progressive neurological conditions predict the ability for the individual to remain safely engaged in the occupation of driving?’ Exclusion material was any articles found that were driving programs. This evidence-based projects ended up with a total of 11 articles; four level I articles, three level II articles, two level III articles, one level IV article, and one level V article. Together, these findings suggest there is limited research about accurate driving assessments and progressive neurological diseases. Therefore, as of now; there is not one assessment or battery of assessments that accurately predicts the driving ability for persons with a progressive neurological disorder

Development of a marine bioassay system using the gooseneck barnacle, Pollicipes polymerus

The purpose of this study was to develop a marine bioassay procedure using eggs and larvae of Pollicipes polymerus, a stalked barnacle common on the west coast of North America. A series of experiments were run to determine optimal culture conditions for the eggs, to see if they could be grown without antibiotics, and to generate the necessary data on development time, hatching, and molting success required to design future experiments. Next, two bioassays were run to determine how the system performed in actual use. A phthalate ester plasticizer, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), was used as the test compound. The first of these experiments indicated there was a significant drop in molting success from larval stage I to stage II when eggs were exposed to 1000 ppb DBP. Variances in molting success, sometimes high in previous experiments, became unacceptable in this one, so the next experiment was designed to reduce these variances by more accurately identifying the time of first egg hatching. The end point used in previous experiments (3 days after first hatching) proved to be insufficient for enough of the controls to molt and, therefore, no conclusions could be drawn on the effects of DBP. The experiment did indicate how excessive variance in molting success could be avoided in future experiments, and how overall molting success could be improved. Hatching successes obtained in all these experiments compared favorably to those obtained by previous investigators. While testing the synthetic seawater used in the experiments for background phthalate levels, it was found that several phthalates, particularly DBP and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were persistent contaminants. Dibutyl phthalate levels could be reduced by treatment with activated charcoal. Tests were conducted to determine how much DBP remained in solution between water changes. Dibutyl phthalate loss was found to increase with increasing initial DBP concentration, but DBP loss from this system over 24 hours compared favorably to that observed in a similar experiment employing larval marine crustaceans. A design for equipment to culture P. polymerus in vitro and suggestions for conducting bioassay studies with eggs and larvae are described

The prevalence and general health status of people with intellectual disabilities and autism co-occurring together – a total population study

Background: Little is known about the population prevalence of co-occurring intellectual disabilities and autism, and its impact on general health status. This study aimed to investigate this, in comparison with the general population. Method: Whole country data from Scotland's Census, 2011 were analysed. Descriptive statistics were generated, 2 tests undertaken, and logistic regressions undertaken both with the whole general population data, adjusted for age and gender, and within the population with co-occurring intellectual disabilities and autism. Results: 5,709/5,295,403 (1.08/1,000) people had co-occurring intellectual disabilities and autism; 2.58/1,000 children/young people and 0.74/1,000 adults. The peak reported prevalence was at age 10 years (3.78/1,000). 66.0% were male. Their general health status was substantially poorer than for the rest of the population, more so for children/young people, and they had more limitations in their day-to-day activities. Co-occurring intellectual disabilities and autism had odds ratio=48.8 (45.0-53.0) in statistically predicting poor health. Conclusion: This is the first study to report the population prevalence of co-existing intellectual disabilities and autism, and the substantial influence this double-disadvantage has on general health status, apparent across the entire life-course. This highlights a group in need of wider recognition for whom resources should be focused on and planned for, informed by evidence. Staff in services for people with either of these conditions need to be trained, equipped, resourced and prepared to address the challenge of working for people with this duality. This is essential, to address these substantial health inequalities

Associations between exposure to and expression of negative opinions about Human Papillomavirus vaccines on social media: an observational study

Background Groups and individuals that seek to negatively influence public opinion about the safety and value of vaccination are active in online and social media and may influence decision making within some communities. Objective We sought to measure whether exposure to negative opinions about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines in Twitter communities is associated with the subsequent expression of negative opinions by explicitly measuring potential information exposure over the social structure of Twitter communities. Methods We hypothesized that prior exposure to opinions rejecting the safety or value of HPV vaccines would be associated with an increased risk of posting similar opinions and tested this hypothesis by analyzing temporal sequences of messages posted on Twitter (tweets). The study design was a retrospective analysis of tweets related to HPV vaccines and the social connections between users. Between October 2013 and April 2014, we collected 83,551 English-language tweets that included terms related to HPV vaccines and the 957,865 social connections among 30,621 users posting or reposting the tweets. Tweets were classified as expressing negative or neutral/positive opinions using a machine learning classifier previously trained on a manually labeled sample. Results During the 6-month period, 25.13% (20,994/83,551) of tweets were classified as negative; among the 30,621 users that tweeted about HPV vaccines, 9046 (29.54%) were exposed to a majority of negative tweets. The likelihood of a user posting a negative tweet after exposure to a majority of negative opinions was 37.78% (2780/7361) compared to 10.92% (1234/11,296) for users who were exposed to a majority of positive and neutral tweets corresponding to a relative risk of 3.46 (95% CI 3.25-3.67, P<.001). Conclusions The heterogeneous community structure on Twitter appears to skew the information to which users are exposed in relation to HPV vaccines. We found that among users that tweeted about HPV vaccines, those who were more often exposed to negative opinions were more likely to subsequently post negative opinions. Although this research may be useful for identifying individuals and groups currently at risk of disproportionate exposure to misinformation about HPV vaccines, there is a clear need for studies capable of determining the factors that affect the formation and adoption of beliefs about public health interventions

The effect of habitual and experimental antiperspirant and deodorant product use on the armpit microbiome

An ever expanding body of research investigates the human microbiome in general and the skin microbiome in particular. Microbiomes vary greatly from individual to individual. Understanding the factors that account for this variation, however, has proven challenging, with many studies able to account statistically for just a small proportion of the inter-individual variation in the abundance, species richness or composition of bacteria. The human armpit has long been noted to host a high biomass bacterial community, and recent studies have highlighted substantial inter-individual variation in armpit bacteria, even relative to variation among individuals for other body habitats. One obvious potential explanation for this variation has to do with the use of personal hygiene products, particularly deodorants and antiperspirants. Here we experimentally manipulate product use to examine the abundance, species richness, and composition of bacterial communities that recolonize the armpits of people with different product use habits. In doing so, we find that when deodorant and antiperspirant use were stopped, culturable bacterial density increased and approached that found on individuals who regularly do not use any product. In addition, when antiperspirants were subsequently applied, bacterial density dramatically declined. These culture-based results are in line with sequence-based comparisons of the effects of long-term product use on bacterial species richness and composition. Sequence-based analyses suggested that individuals who habitually use antiperspirant tended to have a greater richness of bacterial OTUs in their armpits than those who use deodorant. In addition, individuals who used antiperspirants or deodorants long-term, but who stopped using product for two or more days as part of this study, had armpit communities dominated by Staphylococcaceae, whereas those of individuals in our study who habitually used no products were dominated by Corynebacterium. Collectively these results suggest a strong effect of product use on the bacterial composition of armpits. Although stopping the use of deodorant and antiperspirant similarly favors presence of Staphylococcaceae over Corynebacterium, their differential modes of action exert strikingly different effects on the richness of other bacteria living in armpit communities

Optimising calcium monitoring post thyroid and parathyroid surgery.

There is a risk of hypocalcaemia following total thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy surgery, with the nadir being two to five days post operatively.[1] This project examined and improved the post-operative monitoring of serum calcium in patients undergoing these procedures at the Royal Devon and Exeter (RD&E) Hospital over a ten month period in 2013. A retrospective audit was undertaken, identifying whether serum calcium was monitored according to guideline; ie measured within the first 24 hours of surgery and daily thereafter until the patient was normocalcaemic.[2-3] The audit showed an overall compliance in 79% (n = 34) of cases. Of the non-compliant cases (n=9), seven also suffered hypocalcaemia. The current process was mapped by a flow chart and used as a basis for discussing experiences and identifying areas for improvement. Interventions implemented included a patient leaflet, a process flow chart displayed in the team office and in the weekend handover book, standard text for use in discharge summaries describing the process to GPs, the issuing of prescriptions or actual supplements for patients felt to be at high risk of hypocalcaemia, and finally education to the wider surgical junior doctor team. Percentage compliance with guidelines was compared before and after intervention with a re-audit undertaken in April 2014. Significant improvement was shown, with 100% of re-audit cases compliant (n=41), and all seven cases of hypocalcaemia were managed in full compliance with guideline.This article is freely available via Open Access. Click on the 'Additional Link' above to access the full-text from the publisher's site.Published

Pharmacologically blocking p53-dependent apoptosis protects intestinal stem cells and mice from radiation.

Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation (IR) leads to debilitating and dose-limiting gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Using three-dimensional mouse crypt culture, we demonstrated that p53 target PUMA mediates radiation-induced apoptosis via a cell-intrinsic mechanism, and identified the GSK-3 inhibitor CHIR99021 as a potent radioprotector. CHIR99021 treatment improved Lgr5+ cell survival and crypt regeneration after radiation in culture and mice. CHIR99021 treatment specifically blocked apoptosis and PUMA induction and K120 acetylation of p53 mediated by acetyl-transferase Tip60, while it had no effect on p53 stabilization, phosphorylation or p21 induction. CHIR99021 also protected human intestinal cultures from radiation by PUMA but not p21 suppression. These results demonstrate that p53 posttranslational modifications play a key role in the pathological and apoptotic response of the intestinal stem cells to radiation and can be targeted pharmacologically