INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF MIXED LAYER DYNAMICS IN THE ECUADORIAN OCEAN

Long time series spanning up to 22 years of monthly CTD profiles are used to examine upper water column ocean temperature interannual variability near the Ecuador coastline along the equator. The sampling program instituted by Ecuador’s National Institute of Oceanography of the Navy (INOCAR) began in 1992 occupying two stations about 8 nm from the coast, and then expanding to an additional 3 stations in 2004 by Ecuador’s National Fisheries Institute (INP) and National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (INAMHI). The stations are located near 80-81° W and extend from 2° S to 1° N. Climatological (seasonal) signals are removed from the data to focus on the interannual variability. Characterizations of the anomaly time series include the 20°C isotherm depth, mixed layer depth (greater than 5 m depth), heat content (above 100 m), and an EOF decomposition of the temperature profile data set. The data show marked interannual variations with distinct characteristics associated with ENSO indices that delineate periods of El Niño, La Niña, and “normal” conditions. Heat content and the 20°C isotherm depth are both largest during El Niño periods, and weakest during La Niña periods. Mixed layer depths are largely invariant during the various periods, likely due to the dependence of the characterization on details of individual temperature profile. The first mode EOF decomposition of the anomaly long record coastal station data represents bulk variations (71%) of the thermocline depth, and has temporal variability coupled (R = 0.65) to ENSO 3.4 and 1+2 indices. Coastal observations are compared with temperature observations obtained over the same time period from the offshore TAO/Triton buoys located along 95° W from 2° S to 2° N, to the west of the Galápagos Islands outside the geologic delineations of the Ecuadorian Sea. The EOF decomposition of TAO buoy anomaly time series shows similar spatial EOF structure, with the first mode representing bulk changes to the thermocline (about 71% of the variance). The first mode EOF amplitude time series from coastal and TAO station decomposition is correlated (R = 0.86), showing that the dominant variability of the upper water column thermal structure near the coast is coupled to variations along the equator and seaward of the Galápagos Islands. Comparisons of wind fields derived from ECMWF reanalysis in the regions shows that upwelling favorable winds to the north (in the Colombian basin) and to the south (along the coast of Perú) but away from the equator (where earth rotation impacts are minimal), produces a surface convergence at the equator close to shore that has variations that are strongly correlated with ENSO indices. The surface convergences are stronger during ENSO periods, and result in an increase in upper water column heating synchronous with the larger-scale ENSO variability

Advancing Knowledge on Night smelt/Spirinchus starksi populations in Humboldt & Del Norte counties

The Northern California coastline is a valuable ecosystem for many fish species, like night smelt. Despite the economic, ecological and cultural importance of this species, there is little to no information on their biology, or the effects of abiotic factors. To fill in some of these knowledge gaps we sampled 6 beaches in Humboldt and Del Norte counties from March through September of 2021. Besides abundance, we recorded water temperature, salinity, wave height and sediment grain size. We collected 529 individual fish at the 6 beaches, with an average of 13 fish per angler per hour (range: 0-126). We found no significant differences among beaches or months, or correlations with the environmental variables measured potentially because their densities are influenced by other variables or our sample sizes were too small

Simulación de un derrame de hidrocarburos en el puerto pesquero de santa rosa del canton salinas

Muchas naciones, que toman decisiones respecto al uso de energía, invierten mucho tiempo revisando las regulaciones que afectan la extracción, transportación, y consumo de petróleo. Estas políticas requieren balancear consideraciones económicas con las consecuencias ambientales del uso de petróleo. Como ha sido reconocido por algún tiempo, el petróleo puede presentar un riesgo significante para la vida marina, aún una pequeña cantidad liberada puede representar un impacto severo, sin embargo es una necesidad en nuestra sociedad industrial, y mantiene nuestro estilo de vida. Nuevas estimaciones indican que el petróleo vertido en el medio ambiente marino puede ser menor de lo que antes se pensaba. Se piensa que esto refleja, en parte, los avances en la última década en el transporte marítimo de petróleo y gas, y las técnicas de producción. Además de que las medidas de prevención impuestas, uno de los factores más importantes para la elaboración de planes de Contingencia para derrames, están proveyendo los beneficios esperados3. Sin embargo, es necesario continuar con la simulación de la dinámica de derrames para reducir el riesgo de derrames de petróleo, y respaldar la introducción de nuevas legislaciones y códigos de operación. Los modelos numéricos de simulación son una de las herramientas principales, que hacen que los trabajos de prevención sean más precisos. El modelaje en este caso, ha tenido grandes avances durante los últimos años, resultando en una gran cantidad de programas computarizados comerciales que permiten la simulación de derrame de hidrocarburos. Para su ejecución se requiere de las características del derrame y las condiciones meteorológicas durante y las horas después del derrame, entre otras. Como resultado, el modelo ofrece una serie de datos relacionados a la trayectoria del derrame, el tiempo de impacto mínimo, el punto de impacto y la fracción evaporada, emulsionada y dispersada, al igual que la cantidad remanente de hidrocarburo que impactará la costa. El objetivo general de esta tesis es simular un derrame de hidrocarburo en el Puerto de Santa Rosa, Bahía de Libertad, en distintas condiciones meteorológicas y oceanográficas, en el momento del derrame y las siguientes horas. Los objetivos específicos son: 1. Comparar distintos modelos de simulación computarizada de derrame de hidrocarburos en océano abierto. xvii 2. Escoger el modelo más apropiado para simular el derrame de un hidrocarburo en el puerto de Santa Rosa, en la Bahía de Libertad, según los criterios de trayectoria del derrame más probable, y, la variación de las propiedades físicas y químicas de la mezcla de hidrocarburo. 3. Simular el movimiento de una mancha de hidrocarburo dadas distintas condiciones meteorológicas en la zona de estudio

Análisis del crecimiento y desarrollo económico de las microempresas en el Sector Avenida Los Puentes perteneciente al Cantón Cumandá, periodo 2012 - 2014

En el cantón Cumandá provincia de Chimborazo,está localizada una de las principales vías del cantón, donde, debido a su gran relevancia y productividad es factible establecer una microempresa,ya que por esta vía transitan a diario cientos de personas y vehículos. Un pequeño grupo de las microempresas establecidas en este sitio han tenido un importante incremento económico gracias a la innovación y a los conocimientos que han adquirido a través de los años que tienen en el mercado, pero hay casos en los que no siempre han contado con el éxito esperado ya que muchas de ellas han caído en el conformismo al establecer un negocio como un modo de supervivencia en lugar de rentabilidad. Es por esto que el objetivo del presente proyecto es analizar el crecimiento y desarrollo de las microempresas que han logrado su objetivo y las que no han tenido el éxito esperado; dicha información se obtuvo por medio de varios métodos de investigación entre los cuales se utilizaron la investigación exploratoria, de campo, cuantitativa y descriptiva, permitiendo recolectar información actualizada y veraz de la situación económica actual de los microempresarios, donde no solo se confirmó que un gran porcentaje de ellos tienen planeada una expansión de sus negocios pero ya sea por falta de liquidez o de preparación no las han podido ejecutar. Pese a esto, la idea de una innovación es de gran aceptación para los emprendedores, como el desarrollar una marca que identifique su negocio y como resultado que esta permita crear un mercado cautivo. Todos mantienen como constante desarrollar una idea que permita incrementar sus ingresos y como consecuencia mejorar el nivel de vida de sus familia

Carillas directas de composite, para la rehabilitación estética de incisivos laterales rudimentarios: Reporte de caso

  The treatment of anterior open bite represents a challenge for orthodontist due the difficulty and instability of correction. This article presents the case of a 16-year-old male patient who attended the Dental Center of the San Martín de Porres University School of Dentistry - Specialty of Orthodontics, who presented class 1 malocclusion with anterior open bite . The patient received corrective treatment for the atypical swallowing habit, for which a palatal grid was used. Extractions of the upper and lower first premolars were also performed. At the end of the treatment, facial and dental changes were observed. The closure of the open bite was achieved, adequate alignment of the teeth, excessive protrusion of the upper and lower incisors and a correct occlusion were reduced. In the facial aspect, a notable improvement in the facial profile was observed, as well as a decrease in labial incopetence and the retraction of the upper and lower lip.  El objetivo del presente caso es la descripción y evolución del tratamiento restaurador estético realizado con resinas compuestas, a órganos dentarios del sector anterosuperior con alteraciones de tamaño y forma. El presente caso trata de una paciente femenina de 15 años de edad, sin antecedentes médicos relevantes quien asistió a la clínica odontológica SERODU, por inconformidad estètica al momento de sonreír, al examen clínico se observó microdoncia en las piezas 12 y 22 con una forma de clavija. Se propuso como plan de tratamiento la restauración estética del sector anterosuperior con carillas en resina compuesta. A los 6 meses se observa clínicamente carillas en buen estado, sin ningún cambio en el color y ausencia de enfermedad periodontal.

Water temperature variability in the Coos Estuary and its potential link to eelgrass loss

20 pagesSubtidal water temperatures in estuaries influence where organisms can survive and are determined by oceanic, atmospheric and riverine heat fluxes,modulated by the distinct geometry and bathymetry of the system. Here, we use 14 years of data from the Coos Estuary, in southwest Oregon, USA, to explore the impact of anomalously warm oceanic and atmospheric conditions during 2014-2016 on the estuary temperature. The arrival of a marine heatwave in September 2014 increased water temperature in the greater Pacific Northwest region until March 2015, and again from July to August 2015. Additionally, in 2014-2016, the Equatorial Pacific showed increased temperatures due to El Niño events. In the Coos Estuary, this warming was observed at all the water quality stations, producing more than 100 days with temperatures at least 1.5°C warmer than normal, and notably, a higher prevalence during Fall and Winter seasons. Larger temperature variations occurred at shallower stations located further away from the mouth of the estuary, changing the along-estuary temperature gradient and potentially the advection of heat through the estuary. After the onset of these increased temperatures, eelgrass declined sharply, but only in certain stations in the shallow estuary South Slough and has not yet returned to long term average values. As global temperatures continue rising due to climate change, increased numbers ofmarine heatwaves and El Niño events are expected, leading to higher temperature stress on the marine ecosystem within estuaries

Gingivoplastía con láser de diodo de alta intensidad por agrandamiento gingival

   The article reports the case of a 53-year-old male patient, who went to the Clinic of University Dental Services (SERODU), in Ecuador, for presenting a gingival smile. He had no relevant medical history. He was diagnosed with a gingival enlargement of teeth 1.1, 1.2 and 2.1 and was treated with high intensity diode laser gingivoplasty. After 15 days of control, good healing was observed and the patient stated that he had no postoperative pain.The objective of this clinical case is to show the benefits of the high intensity diode laser, for the treatment of gingival enlargement and thereby achieve a better aesthetic perception of the upper anterior teeth.    El articulo reporta el caso de un paciente masculino de 53 años de edad, quien acudió a la Clínica de Servicios Odontológicos Universitarios (SERODU), en Ecuador, por presentar sonrisa gingival. No presentaba antecedentes médicos relevantes. Se le diagnosticó agrandamiento gingival, de las piezas dentarias 1.1,1.2 y 2.1 y fue tratado con gingivoplastía con láser de alta intensidad de diodo. A los 15 días de control se observó una buena cicatrización y el paciente manifestó no haber tenido dolor posoperatorio.El objetivo de este caso clínico, es mostrar los beneficios del láser de diodo de alta intensidad, para el tratamiento del  agrandamiento gingival y con ello lograr una mejor percepción estética de los dientes antero superiores.

Impact of co-infection by hepatitis C virus on immunological and virological response to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive patients

We assessed the effect of co-infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) on immunological and virological response at 48 weeks from initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART).We included patients from the Cohort of Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) starting ART between January 2004 and November 2014, had at least 1 CD4 T-cell count and viral load measurements both in the previous 6 months and at 48 (±12) weeks from ART initiation, and HCV serology before ART initiation. We used linear regression for mean differences in CD4 T-cell count increase from ART initiation and logistic regression to estimate odds ratios for virological response.Of 12,239 patients by November 30, 2015, 5070 met inclusion criteria: 4382 (86.4%) HIV mono-infected and 688 (13.6%) HIV/HCV co-infected. Co-infected patients were more likely to have acquired HIV through injecting drugs use (57.4% vs. 1.1%), to be women, older, and Spanish, have a lower educational level, and having started ART with lower CD4 counts and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. CD4 T-cell count increase at 48 weeks was 229.7 cell/μL in HIV-monoinfected and 161.9 cell/μL in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. The percentages of patients achieving a virological response at 48 weeks were 87.0% and 78.3% in mono and coinfected patients, respectively. Multivariable analyses showed that at 48 weeks, coinfected patients increased 44.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24.8-64.3) cells/μL less than monoinfected and had lower probability of virological response (odds ratio: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.44-0.88).HIV/HCV-coinfected patients have lower immunological and virological responses at 48 weeks from ART initiation than monoinfected patients.This work has been supported by the Spanish Medical Fund Research (PI12/02134) and Spanish Research Network of Excellence on HIV (RD12/0017/0018, RD16CIII/0002/0006) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP).S

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

Background: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women.This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Sida (RD06/006, RD12/0017/0018 and RD16/0002/0006) as part of the Plan Nacional I + D + I and cofinanced by ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and Accion Estrategica en Salud Intramural (PI15CIII/00027).S