The spectroscopic study of an electrodeless discharge in argon at atmospheric pressure

Imperial Users onl

Stresses and Mind-sets in Fishery Management

This paper reviews the evolution of fishery management as a field of crossdisciplinary inquiry and suggests that each participating discipline tends to be attracted to its own range of explanatory theories and to its own stock of relevant data. Impacts of fishery failure are experienced at different levels of society, each suggesting a different approach to remedial action. The fishery collapse in Atlantic Canada should be studied from a comparative perspective in order to gather ideas on how to cope more effectively with the socio-economic consequences. Above all, however, the disaster should be seen as an unprecedented challenge for the fishery management experts in Canada to integrate their mindsets despite the intellectual stresses inherent in the field

Stresses and Mind-sets in Fishery Management

This paper reviews the evolution of fishery management as a field of crossdisciplinary inquiry and suggests that each participating discipline tends to be attracted to its own range of explanatory theories and to its own stock of relevant data. Impacts of fishery failure are experienced at different levels of society, each suggesting a different approach to remedial action. The fishery collapse in Atlantic Canada should be studied from a comparative perspective in order to gather ideas on how to cope more effectively with the socio-economic consequences. Above all, however, the disaster should be seen as an unprecedented challenge for the fishery management experts in Canada to integrate their mindsets despite the intellectual stresses inherent in the field

Legal and Diplomatic Developments in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries

Within the astonishingly brief timespan of five or six years, a fundamental change has been wrought in the international law of fisheries. Even to those only fleetingly familiar with current developments in the law of the sea, it is apparent that the establishment of 200-mile fishing zones in many parts of the world must signify a major legal change in the world of fishing. Indeed many of us have already become sufficiently accustomed to the new order that it may be useful to remind ourselves of the old order which has now yielded place to it. The classical approach to the international law of the sea was based upon a laissezfaire principle favouring maximum freedom of movement, which was consonant with the commercial, political, and military interests of the dominant maritime powers. It was also judged to be equitable to the extent it rested upon the kind of equality that is inherent in the principle of reciprocity. In a much more constricted world community of independent nation states - a system characterized by a relatively high degree of cultural and economic homogeneity - recriprocity did not seem to work a particular hardship on any of the effective claimants within the existing political process of international society

Cross-tail current carriers in a two-dimensional equilibrium magnetotail model

The purpose of this study is to gain physical insight into how charged particles, that violate the guiding center approximations, contribute to cross-tail current in a self-consistent plasma sheet. A technique to generate self-consistent two-dimensional (2D) current sheets is described. Groups of monoenergetic protons are followed in a model magnetic field. The sample current sheets are characterized by resonant quasiadiabatic and stochastic orbits. Several ion and electron groups are combined to produce a plasma sheet in which the charged particles carry the currents needed to generate the magnetic field in which the orbits are traced. An electric field also is required to maintain charge neutrality. Numerous plasma parameters are calculated for the generated current sheets. It was found that ions which were trapped near z = 0, ions that magnetically mirrored throughout the current sheet, and ions that mirrored near the Earth all were needed in order to produce the model current sheets

The Ocean and International Environmental Law: Swimming, Sinking, and Treading Water at the Millennium

Various images help capture the status and trends of international law and policy efforts to protect the ocean environment. While “treading water” and “sinking” partly describe legal conditions at the millennium, this paper examines seven challenges in the international environmental law field which at the very least promise to make for a “hard swim” in coming decades. Those challenges include: coping with the proliferation of negotiated instruments; overcoming political opposition to environmental commitments; clarifying the jurisprudential underpinnings of international environmental law; sorting out the relation of environmental ethics, science and the rule of law; fleshing out the principles of sustainable development; addressing practical problems of implementing international responsibilities; and visioning future paths of ocean governance

Acid Precipitation in North America: The Case for Transboundary Cooperation

Long-range air pollution has emerged as a serious environmental problem in Europe and North America since the early 1950s. The most critical aspect of this problem is the movement over very long distances of airborne pollutants which eventually are deposited in harmful acid compounds. These pollutants originate in a multiplicity of stationary and mobile emission sources. Because the original pollutants undergo chemical changes during the atmospheric transport, the pollutants which ultimately cause damage are chemically different from the original emissions. Moreover, the pollutants, which are usually deposited in the form of rain or snow, cause harm only in special physical and biological circumstances and after long periods of accumulation. Even a superficial discussion of the acid precipitation problem brings out the special difficulties confronting policymakers who must attempt to devise effective pollution control strategies. These difficulties extend beyond the areas of science and technology to law and the social sciences