Experimental analysis of the interactional behavior of severely disturbed children.

PsychologyDoctor of Philosophy (PhD

Who pays business rates?

Non-domestic rates are a tax that is formally levied on the occupiers of nondomestic property in the United Kingdom. This does not imply that it is only the occupiers of business and other non-domestic property who are made worse off by the imposition of ‘business rates’. Some or all of the effective burden of nondomestic rates may be shifted backwards from the occupiers of business property to the owners of business property. This occurs if the rents that property owners can charge their tenants are reduced by the imposition of business rates. In this case, the total cost of occupying a business property (i.e. rent plus rates) is increased by less than the full amount of the non-domestic rates paid by occupiers, and part of the burden of business rates is borne by property owners in the form of lower rental income than they would otherwise have received. The effective incidence of non-domestic rates is then said to fall partly on property owners, and only partly on occupiers.

Designing a US Market for CO2

In this paper we focus on one component of the cap-and-trade system: the markets that arise for trading allowances after they have been allocated or auctioned. The efficient functioning of the market is key to the success of cap-and-trade as a system. We review the performance of the EU CO2 market and the US SO2 market and examine how the flexibility afforded by banking and borrowing and the limitations on banking and borrowing have impacted the evolution of price in both markets. While both markets have generally functioned well, certain episodes illustrate the importance of designing the rules to encourage liquidity in the market.Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research

Enhanced aging properties of HKUST-1 in hydrophobic mixed-matrix membranes for ammonia adsorption.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in their free powder form have exhibited superior capacities for many gases when compared to other materials, due to their tailorable functionality and high surface areas. Specifically, the MOF HKUST-1 binds small Lewis bases, such as ammonia, with its coordinatively unsaturated copper sites. We describe here the use of HKUST-1 in mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) prepared from polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) for the removal of ammonia gas. These MMMs exhibit ammonia capacities similar to their hypothetical capacities based on the weight percent of HKUST-1 in each MMM. HKUST-1 in its powder form is unstable toward humid conditions; however, upon exposure to humid environments for prolonged periods of time, the HKUST-1 MMMs exhibit outstanding structural stability, and maintain their ammonia capacity. Overall, this study has achieved all of the critical and combined elements for real-world applications of MOFs: high MOF loadings, fully accessible MOF surfaces, enhanced MOF stabilization, recyclability, mechanical stability, and processability. This study is a critical step in advancing MOFs to a stable, usable, and enabling technology

The politics of institutionalizing preventive health

Prevention is an attractive idea to policymakers in theory, particularly in health where the burden of spending and care is increasingly taken up by complex and chronic conditions associated with lifestyle choices. However, prevention in general, and preventative health in particular, has proven hard to implement in practice. In this paper, we look to one tangible legacy of the recent rise of the prevention agenda: agencies with responsibility for preventative health policy. We ask how this form of institutionalizing preventative health happens in practice, and what consequences it has for the advancement of the prevention agenda. We draw on qualitative data to compare the trajectories of newly formed agencies in Australia, New Zealand and England. We find that building and maintaining legitimacy for such agencies may come at the expense of quick progress or radical action in service of the prevention agenda

Kebijakan Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Kepemilikan Senjata Api Ilegal

Introduction: Distribution and use of a firearms illegally in Maluku during social conflict in the last few years is often cause many problems. Because after the conflict, a fight between village often use a firearm. Since the conflict in 1999, the use of firearms both organic and local homemade, widely circulated in the community. Purposes of the Research: Examine the legislation approach on law enforcement againts illegal possesion of firearms in the Maluku Regional Police juridiction and the constraints that faced. Methods of the Research: This research is juridical normative, using various primary and secondary legal materials. Data analysis is descriptive qualitative. Results Originality of the Research: Lew enforcement againts firearms possesion and abuse crime done by oleh Maluku Regional Police in the form of preemptive, preventive and repressive acts. In the law enforcement, Maluku Regional Police not always done enforcement, but also applying discression by freeing from legal sanction for the owner of the firearms that willing voluntarily to gave the firearms that they have. The constraints faced in the law enforcement was internal (lack of personnel, equipment and facilities, lack of officers knowledge supervision) and external (regulation are no longer appropriate, wide area, weak coordination and society cooperation)

Restricted Size Ramsey Number for Matching versus Tree and Triangle Unicyclic Graphs of Order Six

Let F, G, and H be simple graphs. The graph F arrows (G,H) if for any red-blue coloring on the edge of F, we find either a red-colored graph G or a blue-colored graph H in F. The Ramsey number r(G,H) is the smallest positive integer r such that a complete graph Kr arrows (G,H). The restricted size Ramsey number r∗(G,H) is the smallest positive integer r∗ such that there is a graph F, of order r(G,H) and with the size r∗, satisfying F arrows (G,H). In this paper we give the restricted size Ramsey number for a matching of two edges versus tree and triangle unicyclic graphs of order six