8,304 research outputs found
Security and personal data protection in the European Union: challenging trends from a human rightsâ perspective
The protection of personal data was first addressed in the EuropeanCommunity by Directive 95/46/CE. This Directive sought to reconcile personal data protection with the free movement of information in the Internal Market. The processing of personal data in the areas of security policy and police and judicial cooperation was excluded from the Directiveâs scope of application. However, in recent times, furthered by the âwar on terrorâ, security policies have been reinforced in the European Union (EU), a key feature of these policies being the increased collection, use and exchange of information about individuals. Major electronic databases were set up. Additional measures such as the Data Retention Directive and agreements with the USA on Passenger Name Records (PNR) have also raised concerns about their bearing on fundamental rights and liberties. Remarkably though, the legal framework for the protection of personal data in the field of security is still recognisably unsatisfactory. This gap is currently in the process of being filled by way of legislative initiatives of the European Commission, submitted in January 2012. Nevertheless the question remains, how the balancing between security and the right to personal data protection is being construed by the EU. This issue was rendered more acute following the upgrading of personal data protection to the status of a fundamental right by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. In this paper, we will seek to address this topic based on a critical consideration of the evolution and current state of legal protection of personal data in the EU
A transcriptomic investigation of handicap models in sexual selection
We are grateful to D. Calder and T. Helps for access to study sites, and G. Murray-Dickson and M. Oliver for help with fieldwork and comments on manuscript drafts. This work was funded by NERC grant NE/D000602/1 (SBP), a NERC advanced fellowship (FM) and a BBSRC studentship (MAW)Peer reviewedPostprin
A Conserved Vector Current test using low energy beta-beams
We discuss the possibility of testing the weak currents and, in particular,
the weak magnetism term through the measurement of the electron anti-neutrinos
capture by protons at a low energy beta-beam facility. We analyze the
sensitivity using both the total number of events and the angular distribution
of the positrons emitted in a water Cerenkov detector. We show that the weak
magnetism form factor might be determined with better than several percent
accuracy using the angular distribution. This offers a new way of testing the
Conserved Vector Current hypothesis.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
The importance of the multidisciplinary approach to deal with the new epidemiological scenario of Chagas disease (global health)
There are currently two major factors that have modified the
epidemiology of Chagas disease in the last decades: climate
change and migration flows. In this new scenario, there are new
challenges to control and prevent Trypanosoma cruzi infection in
endemic countries, such as the control of a wider distribution
of triatomine vectors or the reinforcement of vertical
transmission programs. In non-endemic areas, few countries are
aware of the emergence of this new disease and have established
changes in their health systems. To address this new public
health challenge, the priorities should be control programs to
avoid new cases of T. cruzi infection acquired through vertical
transmission, blood transfusion or organ transplant. In both,
endemic and non-endemic areas, the international community and
all the actors involved in Chagas disease must join efforts
mainly in two directions: better management of the infection in
affected individuals and more research to cover the knowledge
gap mainly in physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment
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