COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND GROWTH OF CONVENTIONAL AND ISLAMIC BANKS IN PAKISTAN

Two types of banking are operating in the world namely conventional and Islamic. Banks offer different types of products and services for the satisfaction of customer for their financial need. Conventional banks were based on interest while Islamic banks based on free interest banking. Financial ratios techniques applied for the evaluation of financial performance of conventional &Islamic banks of Pakistan. Habib Bank Limited (HBL) & Allied Bank Limited (ABL)are typical examples of conventional bank where as Dubai Islamic Bank Limited (DIBL) & Meezan Bank Limited (MBL) was taken as an Islamic bank. Both types of banks included in the study represent whole banking industry of Pakistan. Three (03) years data were collected from Publication of State Bank of Pakistan SBP) “Financial Statement Analysis of Financial Sector of Pakistan 2009-2011â€,(annual reports of respective banks, Islamic banking bulletin and their respective official websites. Analysis reflects, the liquidity ratio of Islamic banks appeared higher as compared to conventional banks, while profitability & solvency ratios of conventional banks are higher as compared to Islamic banks. Debt to asset ratio of Islamic banks seems better than conventional banks due to low debt financed. The growth rate of Islamic banks in Pakistan is comparatively higher than conventional banks in the context of new branches.Â

ACCESSIBILITY AND USABILITY OF INTERNET AMONG POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL TRAINEES OF POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL INSTITUTE (PGMI) PESHAWAR

This study is quantitative in nature. It is conducted to determine the approach of Postgraduate Medical Trainees towards internet use. This study is carried out at Postgraduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The main theme of this piece of document was to examine the purpose, location of internet usage by Postgraduate Medical Trainees along with the Problems being faced during the browsing of internet. This study will also try to know the satisfaction level of these medical trainees. Data was collected through questionnaires. A total of 235 copies of questionnaires were distributed, out of which 231 copies were received with response rate of 98.29%. The findings of the study revealed that most of the trainees use the internet for entertainment purposes followed by enhancement of knowledge. Slow internet speed and lack of access to certain websites are the major obstacles to the use of internet. Training and orientation sessions, hands-on practice on online searching techniques, use of HEC digital library and provision of high bandwidth fiber optics internet are the tools with the help of which potential internet usage can be promoted and developed

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND GROWTH OF CONVENTIONAL AND ISLAMIC BANKS IN PAKISTAN

Two types of banking are operating in the world namely conventional and Islamic. Banks offer different types of products and services for the satisfaction of customer for their financial need. Conventional banks were based on interest while Islamic banks based on free interest banking. Financial ratios techniques applied for the evaluation of financial performance of conventional &Islamic banks of Pakistan. Habib Bank Limited (HBL) & Allied Bank Limited (ABL)are typical examples of conventional bank where as Dubai Islamic Bank Limited (DIBL) & Meezan Bank Limited (MBL) was taken as an Islamic bank. Both types of banks included in the study represent whole banking industry of Pakistan. Three (03) years data were collected from Publication of State Bank of Pakistan SBP) “Financial Statement Analysis of Financial Sector of Pakistan 2009-2011”,(annual reports of respective banks, Islamic banking bulletin and their respective official websites. Analysis reflects, the liquidity ratio of Islamic banks appeared higher as compared to conventional banks, while profitability & solvency ratios of conventional banks are higher as compared to Islamic banks. Debt to asset ratio of Islamic banks seems better than conventional banks due to low debt financed. The growth rate of Islamic banks in Pakistan is comparatively higher than conventional banks in the context of new branches.

Metasurface-based wideband MIMO antenna for 5G millimeter-wave systems

This paper presents a metasurface based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with a wideband operation for millimeter-wave 5G communication systems. The antenna system consists of four elements placed with a 90 degree shift in order to achieve a compact MIMO system while a 2× 2 non-uniform metasurface (total four elements) is placed at the back of the MIMO configuration to improve the radiation characteristics of it. The overall size of the MIMO antenna is 24× 24 mm2 while the operational bandwidth of the proposed antenna system ranges from 23.5-29.4 GHz. The peak gain achieved by the proposed MIMO antenna is almost 7dB which is further improved up to 10.44 dB by employing a 2× 2 metasurface. The total efficiency is also observed more than 80% across the operating band. Apart from this, the MIMO performance metrics such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), and channel capacity loss (CCL) are analyzed which demonstrate good characteristics. All the simulations of the proposed design are carried out in computer simulation technology (CST) software, and measured results reveal good agreement with the simulated one which make it a potential contender for the upcoming 5G communication systems.This work was supported in part by the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant Agreement No 801538, and in part by the the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE) under Grant RTI2018-095499-B-C31

Design of high gain base station antenna array for mm-wave cellular communication systems

Millimeter wave (mm-Wave) wireless communication systems require high gain antennas to overcome path loss effects and thereby enhance system coverage. This paper presents the design and analysis of an antenna array for high gain performance of future mm-wave 5G communication systems. The proposed antenna is based on planar microstrip technology and fabricated on 0.254 mm thick dielectric substrate (Rogers-5880) having a relative permittivity of 2.2 and loss tangent of 0.0009. The single radiating element used to construct the antenna array is a microstrip patch that has a configuration resembling a two-pronged fork. The single radiator has a realized gain of 7.6 dBi. To achieve the gain required by 5G base stations, a 64-element array antenna design is proposed which has a bore side gain of 21.2 dBi at 37.2 GHz. The 8 × 8, 8 × 16, and 8 × 32 antenna array designs described here were simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio, which is a 3D full-wave electromagnetic solver. The overall characteristics of the array in terms of reflection-coefficient and radiation patterns makes the proposed design suitable for mm-Wave 5G and other communication systems.Dr. Mohammad Alibakhshikenari acknowledges support from the CONEX-Plus programme funded by Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 801538. In addition, this work was partially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional -FEDER-, European Union) under the research grant PID2021-127409OB-C31 CONDOR. The authors also sincerely appreciate funding from Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R58), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Design of high gain base station antenna array for mm-wave cellular communication systems

Millimeter wave (mm-Wave) wireless communication systems require high gain antennas to overcome path loss effects and thereby enhance system coverage. This paper presents the design and analysis of an antenna array for high gain performance of future mm-wave 5G communication systems. The proposed antenna is based on planar microstrip technology and fabricated on 0.254 mm thick dielectric substrate (Rogers-5880) having a relative permittivity of 2.2 and loss tangent of 0.0009. The single radiating element used to construct the antenna array is a microstrip patch that has a configuration resembling a two-pronged fork. The single radiator has a realized gain of 7.6 dBi. To achieve the gain required by 5G base stations, a 64-element array antenna design is proposed which has a bore side gain of 21.2 dBi at 37.2 GHz. The 8 × 8, 8 × 16, and 8 × 32 antenna array designs described here were simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio, which is a 3D full-wave electromagnetic solver. The overall characteristics of the array in terms of reflection-coefficient and radiation patterns makes the proposed design suitable for mm-Wave 5G and other communication systems

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Compact Quad-Element High-Isolation Wideband MIMO Antenna for mm-Wave Applications

This paper presents a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system for millimeter-wave 5G wireless communication services. The proposed MIMO configuration is composed of four antenna elements, where each antenna possesses an HP-shaped configuration that features simple configuration and excellent performance. The proposed MIMO design can operate at a very wideband of 36.83–40.0 GHz (measured). Furthermore, the proposed MIMO antenna attains a peak gain of 6.5 dB with a maximum element-isolation of −45 dB. Apart from this, the MIMO performance metrics such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain, and channel capacity (CCL) are analyzed, which demonstrate good characteristics across the operating band. The proposed antenna radiates efficiently with a radiation efficiency of above 80% at the desired frequency band which makes it a potential contender for the upcoming communication applications. The proposed design simulations were performed in the computer simulation technology (CST) software, and measured results reveal good agreement with the simulated one

Compact quad-element high-isolation wideband MIMO antenna for mm-wave applications

This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas for Wearable and Implantable ApplicationsThis paper presents a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system for millimeter-wave 5G wireless communication services. The proposed MIMO configuration is composed of four antenna elements, where each antenna possesses an HP-shaped configuration that features simple configuration and excellent performance. The proposed MIMO design can operate at a very wide-band of 36.83-40.0 GHz (measured). Furthermore, the proposed MIMO antenna attains a peak gain of 6.5 dB with a maximum element-isolation of -45 dB. Apart from this, the MIMO performance metrics such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain, and channel capacity (CCL) are analyzed, which demonstrate good characteristics across the operating band. The proposed antenna radiates efficiently with a radiation efficiency of above 80% at the desired frequency band which makes it a potential contender for the upcoming communication applications. The proposed design simulations were performed in the computer simulation technology (CST) software, and measured results reveal good agreement with the simulated one