Dramatic enhancement of double-walled carbon nanotube quality through a one-pot tunable purification method.

The purification process we propose is a one-pot gas-phase treatment; the CNT powder is simply submitted to a chlorine/oxygen atmosphere at around 1000 °C for 2 h. By varying the oxygen content in an excess of chlorine, the conditions were optimized in order to efficiently remove both metal (catalyst) and carbon impurities from DWCNT samples. Even if a high amount of sample is lost under the oxidative conditions used, a selective elimination of the carbon impurities obviously occurs and a metal impurity removal yield of 99% is obtained from thermogravimetry. Based on a multi-technique approach, we show that the purified DWCNTs are of high structural quality without any surface functionalization. This improvement of the wall quality through the chlorine/oxygen action is seen in particular with a division by 15 of the D over G band intensity of the Raman spectra. Among the existing procedures, the advantages of our purification method are indisputably its simplicity, low time-consuming and high efficiency combined with an enhanced quality of the purified CNTs. Such quasi-pure DWCNTs have high interest since they offer a unique opportunity to study the intrinsic properties and effects of the nanotubes themselves

Management of a complex appendicular wound in a mare

Les plaies cutanées complexes constituent souvent un défi thérapeutique pour le praticien et une source d'inquiétude pour le propriétaire. Des soins relativement simples, une bonne observance des traitements et des grandes règles de prise en charge des plaies permettent d'obtenir des résultats très satisfaisants pour un coût acceptable. A travers l’exemple d’un cas concret, il est rappelé comment une plaie complexe doit être explorée avec minutie, largement drainée, nettoyée et débarrassée de tous corps étrangers lors de sa prise en charge. Son suivi passe par la mise en place de pansements adaptés et la gestion du tissu de granulation. Le traitement peut faire appel à des techniques chirurgicales simples de reconstruction comme la greffe en îlots. Mots clés: Plaie complexe, cheval, greffe, pinch/punch graft, hypergranulation, pansementComplex skin wounds are often a therapeutic challenge for the practitioner and a source of concern for the owner. Relatively simple care, good adherence to treatment and great rules for wound management allow very satisfactory results to be obtained with an acceptable cost. Through the example of a concrete case, it is recalled how a complex wound must be explored with meticulousness, widely drained, cleaned and cleared of all foreign bodies during its treatment. Its monitoring involves the placement of suitable dressings and the management of granulation tissue. Treatment may involve simple surgical reconstruction techniques such as islet transplantation. Keywords: Complex wound, horse, graft, pinch / punch graft, hypergranulation, dressin

Chroniques de l’éphémère

Les livres de fête sont parmi les plus spectaculaires des nombreux documents rassemblés par Jacques Doucet pour sa bibliothèque d’Art et d’Archéologie, rattachée depuis 2003 à l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art. Comme les fêtes destinées à solenniser chaque acte de la vie publique des souverains, ces livres étaient le produit de la contribution de tous les grands artistes du temps. Baptêmes, mariages, funérailles, couronnements, victoires ou entrées solennelles dans les « bonnes » villes du royaume donnaient lieu à des déploiements de fastes dont les livres se veulent les traces tout aussi fastueuses. L’exposition sur les livres de fête du XVIIe au XVIIIe siècle organisée à l’INHA (galerie Colbert à Paris IIe, du 15 septembre au 15 décembre 2010) présente des livres de cette période illustrant des fêtes versaillaises et parisiennes. Ce catalogue accompagne et éclaire la visité et l’étude de ces ouvrages. Dominique Morelon, commissaire de l’exposition et conservatrice en chef, responsable du service du patrimoine de la bibliothèque de l’INHA

Prediction Of Beef Fatty Acid Composition Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Effects Of Tissue And Sample Preparations

International audienceThe aims of the study were to determine the best site of bovine carcass for predicting fatty acid (FA) composition using a NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy) portable equipment and to study the effect of different methods of sample preparation. 78 animals were sampled from different types and rearing systems. Seven tissues (Longissimus thoracis, Infraspinatus, Diaphragma, Rectus abdominis, shoulder subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), intercostal SAT and intermuscular fat at the 5th rib) were measured after sampling and grinding in liquid nitrogen. The effect of samples preparation were measured on carcass (C0), muscle without grinding (B0), ground with a meat chopper (B1), ground with a knife mill (B2) on RA muscle. FA composition was assessed using gas chromatograph and the spectra were measured at wavelengths between 350 and 2500 nm. For adipose tissue, FA were not correctly predicted from NIRS. However, predictions were more satisfactory for the major FA (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1d9c), total saturated and monounsaturated FA of muscles. The results show a better prediction of FA composition concomitant with an increased gradient of sample homogenization. For other FA and especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, the performances were not satisfactory for quantitative purposes whatever the grinding method

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Porosity Characterization of Cold Sprayed Stainless Steel Coating Using Three-Dimensional X-ray Microtomography

Cold gas-dynamic spray (cold spray) is an evolving coating deposition and restoration technology in which particles are deposited above the sonic speed. This paper presents the non-destructive three-dimensional characterization of cold sprayed stainless steel coating. The visualization of coating morphology and volumetric porosity and the analyses of porosity size and spatial distributions confirmed that dense stainless steel coating with non-connected, micron-sized gradient porosity can be successfully produced by cold spray. The suitability of X-ray tomography for characterizing cold sprayed coatings was also assessed

Vers une nouvelle philosophie du rapport éducatif : expérience vécue /

Bibliographi

Le rôle de la morphologie d’une succession seuil-mouille dans la croissance quotidienne et l’évolution d’un couvert de glace

Menée sur un tronçon de rivière de taille moyenne, cette recherche analyse quotidiennement les processus de formation et de croissance de la glace dans une rivière graveleuse caractérisée par une succession seuil-mouille. Elle documente également l’effet de la morphologie du chenal et des conditions hydrométéorologiques sur la croissance et l’évolution du couvert de glace. Des photographies numériques perpendiculaires au chenal et une documentation des caractéristiques morphologiques du chenal et de la glace ont été réalisées quotidiennement. Les résultats montrent que la glace apparait simultanément dans les seuils et la mouille, mais que la formation complète du couvert de glace survient un mois plus tôt dans la mouille. Cette différence s’explique par des mécanismes de croissance variables selon les unités morphologiques. Dans les seuils, la glace croit des berges vers le centre du chenal par accumulation de particules de frasil et par la croissance de la glace thermique. La croissance du couvert se produit également autour des blocs protubérants dans le centre du chenal grâce à l’émergence de la glace de fond. Dans la mouille, le couvert de glace progresse à partir des berges vers le centre du chenal principalement par la glace thermique, mais aussi par accumulation de minces particules de frasil. Dans les seuils et la mouille, les taux de croissance quotidiens cumulés révèlent des profils similaires avec une transition marquée dans la vitesse de croissance du couvert (rapide/lente). Le suivi quotidien de la couverture glacielle a permis de documenter la dynamique de formation et l’évolution spatio-temporelle de la couverture glacielle. Une coulée de neige liquéfiée est survenue au mois de janvier dans un tributaire mineur et a provoqué la désorganisation de la morphologie glacielle ainsi que la formation d’un imposant cône glaciel à la confluence.This study analyses the daily processes leading to the creation and evolution of the ice cover in a riffle-pool sequence of a medium-sized river. The study also documents the effects of channel morphology and of hydrometeorological conditions on ice cover creation and evolution. Digital photographs taken perpendicularly to the channel were used to characterize ice and channel morphology. Results show that although ice cover formation is simultaneous, complete ice coverage of the pool occurs a month earlier. This significant time difference can be explained by distinct ice growth mechanisms for each morphological unit. In riffles, the ice growth occurs from the banks to the center of the channel, attributable to frazil particle accumulation and thermal ice growth. In riffles, anchor ice on the river bed contributes to the ice cover growth, as well as thermal growth around some protruding boulders in the middle of the channel. In pools, the ice cover progresses from the banks to the middle of the channel mainly by thermal ice growth, and also by fine frazil particle accumulation. Cumulated daily ice growth rates are similar in both pools and riffles, with both showing a clear transition in ice growth speed from quick to slow. The spatio-temporal ice growth and evolution dynamics were documented by the daily reviewing of the ice cover. In January, a slushflow from a minor tributary disorganized ice morphology and created an imposing ice cone at the confluence

SsODNet: Solar system Open Database Network

International audienceContext. The sample of Solar system objects has dramatically increased over the last decade. The number of measured properties (e.g., diameter, taxonomy, rotation period, thermal inertia, etc.) has expanded even more quickly. However, this wealth of information is spread over a myriad of studies, with different designations reported per object. Aims. We provide a solution to the identification of Solar system objects based on any of their multiple names or designations. We also compile and rationalize their properties to provide an easy access to them. We aim to continuously update the database as new measurements become available. Methods. We built a Web Service, SsODNet , which offers four access points, each corresponding to an identified necessity in the community: name resolution (quaero), compilation of a large corpus of properties (dataCloud), determination of the best estimate among compiled values (ssoCard), and a statistical description of the population (ssoBFT).Results. The SsODNet interfaces are fully operational and freely accessible to everyone. The name resolver quaero translates any of the ~5.3 million designations of objects into their current and official designation. The dataCloud includes about 105 million parameters (osculating and proper elements, pair and family membership, diameter, albedo, mass, density, rotation period, spin coordinates, phase function parameters, colors, taxonomy, thermal inertia, and Yarkovsky drift) from over 3000 articles (updated continuously). For each of the known asteroids and dwarf planets (~1.2 million), a ssoCard that provides a single best-estimate for each parameter is available. The SsODNet service provides these resources in a fraction of second upon query. Finally, the extensive ssoBFT table compiles all the best estimates in a single table for population-wide studies

Relationship between fatty acid composition and softness score of adipose tissue in intensively reared lambs fed with concentrate based on cereals or on beet pulp

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of substituting cereals by sugar beet pulp in the feed on the fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue in indoor lambs. Forty-nine male lambs of the Lacaune dairy breed were fed from 23.6 (± 4.1) to 41.0 (± 1.9) kg live weight with hay and a pelleted concentrate containing either 80% of barley and wheat (group C) or 70% sugar beet pulp (group P). The FA composition of caudal adipose tissue sampled at slaughter was determined. The subcutaneous adipose tissue softness was not different between the two groups. The water content and the proportion of odd-numbered (oddFA) and methyl branched-chain FA (BCFA) were high but not significantly different between the two groups (respectively, 22.6% of wet weight, 7.7 and 9.7% of total FA). On the contrary, the proportion of even-numbered saturated FA (ESFA) and especially C18:0 was low but slightly higher in the P group. The proportions of C18:2 and C18:3 were higher in group C than in group P (3.2 vs. 2.2%, P < 0.001 and 0.65 vs. 0.48%, P < 0.001, respectively). The softness score of adipose tissue was positively related to the water content and proportion of oddFA and BCFA. It was negatively related to the proportion of ESFA, age and live weight at the beginning of the trial. The proportion of unsaturated FA with 18 atoms of carbon did not show any relationship with the adipose tissue softness but it was influenced to some extent by the composition of the diet.Effet de la nature de l’énergie ingérée, céréales vs. pulpes de betteraves, sur la composition en acides gras du tissu adipeux caudal d’agneaux de bergerie. L’objectif de ce travail était de mesurer l’incidence de la distribution de pulpes de betteraves en remplacement des graines de céréales dans le régime alimentaire d’agneaux de bergerie sur la composition en acides gras (AG) du tissu adipeux de couverture. Au total, 49 agneaux mâles, de race Lacaune « lait » ont été engraissés de 23,6 (± 4,1) à 41,0 (± 1,9) kg. Ils disposaient en libre accès de foin et d’un aliment concentré aggloméré composé de 80 % d’orge et de blé (lot C) ou de 70 % de pulpe de betterave (lot P). La composition en AG d’un échantillon de tissu adipeux caudal prélevé sur chaque animal lors de l’abattage a été déterminée. L’index de fermeté ne diffère pas significativement entre les 2 groupes. La teneur en eau et la proportion des AG à chaîne carbonée impaire ou ramifiée ont été élevées et non significativement différentes (respectivement, 22,6 % du poids frais, 7,7 et 9,7 % des AG totaux). Inversement, les teneurs en AG saturés pairs et notamment en C18:0 ont été faibles. Les teneurs en C18:2 et C18:3 ont été plus élevées dans le lot C que dans le lot P (3,2 vs. 2,2 %, P < 0,001 et 0,65 vs. 0,48 %, P < 0,001, respectivement). La note de fermeté des gras est liée positivement aux teneurs en eau et en AG à chaîne carbonée impaire ou ramifiée et négativement aux teneurs en AG gras saturés pairs, au poids vif et à l’âge en début d’essai. Les teneurs en AG insaturés à 18 atomes de carbone ont été indépendantes de l’index de fermeté des gras de couverture mais liées à la nature de la ration